Biology

Question 1

apoenzymes

Answer 1

an enzyme when its coenzymes or prosthetic group removed

Question 1

apoenzymes

Answer 1

an enzyme when its coenzymes or prosthetic group removed

Question 2

Prosthetic group

Answer 2

if non protein part is covalently bonded

Question 3

competitive inhibitors

Answer 3

structural similarities with the substrate, may be selected by binding sites but they are not able to activate the catalytic sites, products are not formed

Question 4

Non competitive inhibitor

Answer 4

they form enzyme inhibitor complex at a point other than active site. they alter the structure of enzyme in such a way that even general substrate binds the active site
Catalyst fails to take place.

Question 5

pepsin and pepsinogen

Answer 5

pepsin active form of pepsinogen that hydrolyze proteins while digestion process.

while pepsinogen is an inactive proenzyme which is used to form pepsin for digestion OF PROTIENS

Question 6

spores

Answer 6

PRODUCED INSODE THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM called sporangia. which are cut out from the hyphae by complete septa.
spores can be produced sexually or asexually. non motile are haploid, not needing water for their dispersal can spread through winds are very large in number easily dispersed by wind at great distances and cause wide production of many kinds of fungi

Question 7

conidia

Answer 7

not inside sporangia
non motile asexual spores which are cut at the end of modified hyphae called conidiospores
usually in form of chains and clusters, may be produced in very large numbers can survive for weeks and cause rapid colonization of new food```

Question 8

how enzyme substrate complex is formed

Answer 8

An enzyme and its substrate reacts with each other through a definite charge.
E+S (REV REACTION) EScomplex (rev reactn ) E+P

Question 9

active site. and its region

Answer 9

small charge bearing region of the enzyme having a few amino acids. this place is where enzyme reaction occurs

REGIONS
Binding site: helps in recognition and binding of proper substrate
Catalytic site: catalyzes the transformation of substrate into products.

Question 10

substrate

Answer 10

the substance on which enzyme acts on

eg
pepsin enzyme

Question 11

active site

Answer 11

catalytic activity of an enzyme restricted to a small portion

Question 12

cofactor

Answer 12

the co factor usually acts as a bridge b/w an enzyme nd its substrate
Some enzymes having non protein parts also known as CO FACTOR

Question 13

Activator

Answer 13

the detachable co factor is known as an Activator.

if in organic
eg
Mg2+, Fe2+, Cu2+ & Zn2+

Question 14

holoenzymes and apo enzymes

Answer 14

Holoenzymes: An activated enzyme having peptide chain
and a cofactor is known as HOLOEMZYMES

Apo enzymes:
An enzyme with its coenzyme or prosthetic group removed is
designated as Apo enzymes

Question 15

important characteristics of Enzymes

Answer 15

• Globular Proteins
• increases rate of reaction
• even small amount can accelerate reaction
• specific in their action
• sensitive to minor change in pH and temperature

Question 16

induced fit model

Answer 16

KOSHLAND 1959 proposed induced fit model. He argued that when a substrate combines with an Enzymes structure
which enables enzymes to perform catalytic activity more effectively

Question 17

apicomplexans

Answer 17

A large group of parasitic protozoa
some of which caused serious diseases in humans such as malaria.
moves by flexing
many apicomplexans spend half of their lives in one host and half part in a different host

Question 18

thallus

Answer 18

a body that lacks xylem and phloem.

not differentiated into true roots, stems, and leaves.

Question 19

important characteristics of Diatoms

Answer 19

1. major producers in the aquatic ecosystems because of their extremely large numbers
2. silica is deposited in the shell, this glass like material is laid down in complex patterns
3. very important in aquatic food chains

Question 20

Amoeba

Answer 20

A group that includes all free living freshwater, marine and soil amoeba as well as those are parasites

Question 21

kelps

Answer 21

LAMINARIA 
largest brown algae
tough and leathery in appearance 
they posses
leaf like BLADES
stems like STIPES 
roots like anchoring HOLDFAST

Question 22

red tides

Answer 22

Dinoflagellates are known to have occasional population explosions or blooms.
these blooms frequently colour the water
orange red or brown, and are known as red tides

Question 23

importance of algae

Answer 23

1. some algae such as kelps are edible and maybe used to overcome food shortage in world

2. marine algae also source of many useful substances like 
algin
agar
carrageenan 
antiseptics

3. major producers of aquatic eco system
4. major role in food chains providing oxygen to other organisms

Question 24

how do algae differ from plants

Answer 24

Algae;

1. sex organs in algae is unicellular
2. zygote is not well protected by the parent body
3. Embroy is not formed in their life cycle

PLANTS:

1. sex organs in plants are multicelluar
2. zygote is well protected by parent body
3. plants develop from embroy

Question 25

Fora mini ferans

Answer 25

FORA MINI FERANS HAVE CREATED VASTE LIMESTONES DEPOSITS IN PAST

these marine protozoa produce shells or tests,
Tests of foraminiferans are made of calcium
shells or tests contains spores
through which cytoplasmic projections can be extended.
these form sticky, interconnected net that entangles prey.

Question 26

tricho nymphas

Answer 26

complex specialized flagellates with many flagella which live as symbionts in the guts of termite and help in digestion of dry wood

Question 27

nuclear mitosis

Answer 27

special kind of mitosis that occurs in fungi during which nuclear envelop doesnt break inside the mitotic spindle forms within the nucleus
and nuclear membrane constricts b/w 2 clusters of daughter cells