Biology Flashcards
apoenzymes
an enzyme when its coenzymes or prosthetic group removed
apoenzymes
an enzyme when its coenzymes or prosthetic group removed
Prosthetic group
if non protein part is covalently bonded
competitive inhibitors
structural similarities with the substrate, may be selected by binding sites but they are not able to activate the catalytic sites, products are not formed
Non competitive inhibitor
they form enzyme inhibitor complex at a point other than active site. they alter the structure of enzyme in such a way that even general substrate binds the active site
Catalyst fails to take place.
pepsin and pepsinogen
pepsin active form of pepsinogen that hydrolyze proteins while digestion process.
while pepsinogen is an inactive proenzyme which is used to form pepsin for digestion OF PROTIENS
spores
PRODUCED INSODE THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM called sporangia. which are cut out from the hyphae by complete septa.
spores can be produced sexually or asexually. non motile are haploid, not needing water for their dispersal can spread through winds are very large in number easily dispersed by wind at great distances and cause wide production of many kinds of fungi
conidia
not inside sporangia
non motile asexual spores which are cut at the end of modified hyphae called conidiospores
usually in form of chains and clusters, may be produced in very large numbers can survive for weeks and cause rapid colonization of new food```
how enzyme substrate complex is formed
An enzyme and its substrate reacts with each other through a definite charge.
E+S (REV REACTION) EScomplex (rev reactn ) E+P
active site. and its region
small charge bearing region of the enzyme having a few amino acids. this place is where enzyme reaction occurs
REGIONS
Binding site: helps in recognition and binding of proper substrate
Catalytic site: catalyzes the transformation of substrate into products.
substrate
the substance on which enzyme acts on
eg
pepsin enzyme
active site
catalytic activity of an enzyme restricted to a small portion
cofactor
the co factor usually acts as a bridge b/w an enzyme nd its substrate
Some enzymes having non protein parts also known as CO FACTOR
Activator
the detachable co factor is known as an Activator.
if in organic
eg
Mg2+, Fe2+, Cu2+ & Zn2+
holoenzymes and apo enzymes
Holoenzymes: An activated enzyme having peptide chain
and a cofactor is known as HOLOEMZYMES
Apo enzymes:
An enzyme with its coenzyme or prosthetic group removed is
designated as Apo enzymes
important characteristics of Enzymes
- Globular Proteins
- increases rate of reaction
- even small amount can accelerate reaction
- specific in their action
- sensitive to minor change in pH and temperature
induced fit model
KOSHLAND 1959 proposed induced fit model. He argued that when a substrate combines with an Enzymes structure
which enables enzymes to perform catalytic activity more effectively
apicomplexans
A large group of parasitic protozoa
some of which caused serious diseases in humans such as malaria.
moves by flexing
many apicomplexans spend half of their lives in one host and half part in a different host
thallus
a body that lacks xylem and phloem.
not differentiated into true roots, stems, and leaves.
important characteristics of Diatoms
- major producers in the aquatic ecosystems because of their extremely large numbers
- silica is deposited in the shell, this glass like material is laid down in complex patterns
- very important in aquatic food chains
Amoeba
A group that includes all free living freshwater, marine and soil amoeba as well as those are parasites
kelps
LAMINARIA largest brown algae tough and leathery in appearance they posses leaf like BLADES stems like STIPES roots like anchoring HOLDFAST
red tides
Dinoflagellates are known to have occasional population explosions or blooms.
these blooms frequently colour the water
orange red or brown, and are known as red tides
importance of algae
- some algae such as kelps are edible and maybe used to overcome food shortage in world
2. marine algae also source of many useful substances like algin agar carrageenan antiseptics
- major producers of aquatic eco system
- major role in food chains providing oxygen to other organisms
how do algae differ from plants
Algae;
- sex organs in algae is unicellular
- zygote is not well protected by the parent body
- Embroy is not formed in their life cycle
PLANTS:
- sex organs in plants are multicelluar
- zygote is well protected by parent body
- plants develop from embroy
Fora mini ferans
FORA MINI FERANS HAVE CREATED VASTE LIMESTONES DEPOSITS IN PAST
these marine protozoa produce shells or tests,
Tests of foraminiferans are made of calcium
shells or tests contains spores
through which cytoplasmic projections can be extended.
these form sticky, interconnected net that entangles prey.
tricho nymphas
complex specialized flagellates with many flagella which live as symbionts in the guts of termite and help in digestion of dry wood
nuclear mitosis
special kind of mitosis that occurs in fungi during which nuclear envelop doesnt break inside the mitotic spindle forms within the nucleus
and nuclear membrane constricts b/w 2 clusters of daughter cells
