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Biology (Yr 9) > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Eight Life Processes

A

Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion, Nutrition, Cells

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2
Q

Humans: Vertebrates

A

Animals that have a backbone

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3
Q

Humans: Mammals

A

Vertebrates that have hair/fur and milk glands

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4
Q

Humans: Primates

A

Mammals with collar bones and grasping fingers

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5
Q

Cells

A

The building blocks of life, that are responsible for all of life’s processes.

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6
Q

Cells Examples

A

White blood cells (protect body from infectious disease)

Neurons (transmit information to other nerve cells, muscles and glands)

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7
Q

Tissues

A

Group of cells that have a similar structure and function together as a unit.

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8
Q

Tissue Examples

A

Muscle Tissue: shorten or contract to produce movement
Nervous Tissue: coordinating and controlling body activities
Connective Tissue: connects or separates all other tissue in body

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9
Q

Organs

A

Collection of tissues that structurally form a functional unit specialized to perform a specific function.

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10
Q

Organ Examples

A

Heart (pumps blood and oxygen around body)
Brain (controls all body functions)
Stomach (digest and store food)

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11
Q

Body Systems

A

Biological system consisting of a group of organs that work together to perform one or more functions.

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12
Q

Body Systems Examples

A

Nervous System: communication to parts of the body
Urinary System: excretion of wastes
Digestive System: breakdown of food

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13
Q

Homeostasis

A

Homeostasis is a self-regulating process by which biological systems maintain a stable internal environment (within cells) while adjusting to changing external conditions.

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14
Q

Homeostasis Examples

A

Vasoconstriction and vasodilation, the widening and narrowing of blood vessels. They widen to carry more heat to the surface and vice versa

The urinary system maintains blood and water homeostasis by filtering out waste substances and uses the right amount of water to maintain homeostasis.

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15
Q

Feedback Loop

A

Here are feedback loops:

1. Stimulus (start)
2. Receptor
3. Modulator (control centre that processes information)
4. Message
5. Effector (carries out the response)
6. Response
7. Feedback
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16
Q

Negative Feedback

A

Negative feedback aims to negate/reverse a change in the internal environment.

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17
Q

ATP

A

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is the cell’s energy source. It captures chemical energy obtained from the breakdown of food and releases it to fuel other cellular processes.
An energy carrying molecule
Found in all living things

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18
Q

Active Transport

A

Lower to higher concentration - against concentration gradient (up)
Require the cell’s energy (ATP) for the transfer to occur
Only occur in living cells
→ Cytosis

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19
Q

Passive Transport

A 
Passive Transport
Higher to lower concentration
Do not expend any energy (physical process)
Occur in living and dead cells
Almost impossible to prevent
	→ Diffusion
	→ Facilitated Diffusion
	→ Osmosis
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20
Q

Cell Membrane Functions

A

Holds different components of the cell together
Protects the cell from the environment outside the cell
Regulates what enters and exists so that it doesn’t lose too many nutrients or take in too many ions

21
Q

Cell membrane qualities

A

Cell membranes are differentially permeable (semi-permeable)
Some ions and molecules can pass through but others cannot based on size and polarity (distribution of electrons in a molecules or compound)

22
Q

Cell Membrane Composure

A

Composed of proteins, cholesterol (regulator) and lipids arranged in 2 layers called the phospholipid bilayer

23
Q

Phospholipid heads

A

The head contains a phosphate molecules that is attracted to water (hydrophilic)
□ Negative polarity head attracts water

24
Q

Phospholipid tails

A

The two tails are made up of fatty acids (chains of carbon atoms) that repel water (hydrophobic)
□ Non-polar (uncharged)

25
Q

Chemical Polarity

A

Chemical polarity is a separation of electric charge leading to a molecule which has a negatively charged and a positively charged end.
Water is polar.

26
Q

Diffusion

A

Diffusion is the net movement of molecules from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration. (with the concentration gradient) in order to reach dynamic equilibrium.

27
Q

Rate of Diffusion

A

□ Greater distance: diffusion is slower
□ Higher temperature: diffusion is faster (more kinetic energy of molecules)
□ Higher density of solvent: diffusion is slower
□ Mass of substance: diffusion is slower
□ Thinner barrier: faster diffusion
□ Large surface area barrier: faster diffusion
□ Higher concentration of substance: faster diffusion
□ Nonpolar diffusion: diffusion is faster

28
Q

Osmosis

A

Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration in order to even out solute concentration.

29
Q

Hypertonic

A

The solution with the higher solute concentration

30
Q

Hypotonic

A

The solution with the lower solute concentration

31
Q

Isotonic

A

Solutions of equal solute concentration are isotonic

32
Q

Cytosis

A

Cytosis is an active process in which materials into and out of the cells using vesicles when there are a large amount or size of molecules.

33
Q

Vesicles

A

Vesicles are bubble-like structures consisting of a solid particle or a liquid droplet enfolded in a piece of the cell membrane.

34
Q

Small non polar molecules

A

Diffuse across the small gaps between lipids (oxygen and carbon dioxide)

35
Q

Fat-soluble non polar molecules

A

Diffuse across membrane by dissolving into lipid (alcohol &

steroid hormones)

36
Q

Small polar molecules

A

Diffuse across the phospholipid tails through the help of protein channels (facilitated diffusion) - slower process
water can do this and also simply diffuse

36
Q

Small polar molecules

A

Diffuse across the phospholipid tails through the help of protein channels (facilitated diffusion) - slower process
water can do this and also simply diffuse

37
Q

Large polar molecules

A

are unable to pass through the polar phospholipid heads without the extra help of facilitated diffusion via a carrier protein.

38
Q

Excretion

A

removal of wastes produced by metabolism within cells

38
Q

Excretion

A

removal of wastes produced by metabolism within cells

39
Q

Elimination

A

removal of undigested materials from the body

40
Q

Elimination

A

removal of undigested materials from the body

41
Q

Major excreted substances

A

carbon dioxide
salts
water
urea

42
Q

Major excreted substances

A

carbon dioxide
salts
water
urea

43
Q

Cortex

A

outside part, where the filtration occurs

44
Q

Cortex

A

outside part, where the filtration occurs

45
Q

Medulla

A

middle part, where substances are reabsorbed

46
Q

Medulla

A

middle part, where substances are reabsorbed

47
Q

Pelvis

A

inside part, where urine is collected before going down ureters

Biology (Yr 9) (1 decks)

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