Biology Flashcards
Name five nutrients.
Why are these needed?
- Carbohydrate - for energy
- Protein - for growth and repair
- Vitamins - for health
- Minerals - for health
- fats and oils ( lipids ) - for insulation
Why do different people need higher or lower amounts of energy from their food?
- Levels of activity
- Age
- Gender
What do we measure energy in?
Joules or Kilojoules
What role does the mouth have in the digestion system?
Putting food in the mouth is called ingestion. The teeth grind up the food and mix it with a digestive juice called saliva. Saliva contains enzymes.
What does the oesophagus do?
The muscles abovethe swallowed food get smaller (contract) pushing the food down.
What does the stomach do?
In the stomach, strong acid is added to the food and more digestive juices are added to break down proteins.
What does the small intestine do?
In the small intesine, more digestive juices are added. Digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and fats occurs. The digested, soluble molecules are absorbed and enter the blood.
What does the large intestine do?
The large intestine removes water from the food that cannot be digested.
What do the rectum do?
The rectum stores food which cannot be digested - faeces.
What does the anus do?
Faeces are pushed out here, this is called egestion or elimination.
What do enzymes do in digestion?
The enzymes break down large insoluble substances, creating small soluble ones. This process speeds up digestion, because the enzymes contain catalysts.
Name two features of the small intestine and what this does.
It is folded and covered with villi, this increases the surface area.
How does diffusion happen in the small intestine?
The wall of the small intestine is only one-cell thick, meaning it is easy for small soluble molecules to diffuse out of the small intestine into the blood. They are then carried in the blood plasma.
Name the male parts of a flower and what the group is called.
Anther
Filament
These are calledthe stamen.
Name the female parts of a flower and what the group is called.
Stigma
Style
Ovary
Ovule
This is called the carpel.
How does insect pollenation occur?
Anthers produce large rough pollen grains that stick to an insect’s body. An insect brushes against an anther or stigma to collect nectar and the pollen grains stick the insect. It is then carried on the insect, which then goes to another plant. The stigma is sticky, to collect pollen from the insect.
How does wind pollenation occur?
The anthers make small pollen grains that float in the wind and the athers and stigmas hang outside the flower to catch th wind. The wind carries the pollen to another plant which catches the pollen with the stigma and goes into the ovary.
A part of the flower forms a fruit. This is uesed for seed dispersal. Name examples of seed dispersal.
- Some fruits are eaten by animals and they poop the seed out
- Some fruits are carried on the fur of animals
- Some fruits are carried by the wind
- Some fruits explode, scattering the seeds
When conditions are right, seeds germinate. What resources do they need to germinate.
Water
Oxygen
Warmth
WOW
How do plants make food from photosynthesis?
The water from the roots reacts with sunlight and carbon dioxide to make glucose - photosynthesis.
How does asexual reproduction happen in plants?
Asexual reproduction happens when one parent plant is able to produce offspring (e.g. by using runners in strawberries or tubers in potatoes)
What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?
Glucose + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water
What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration?
Why do the heart rate and breathing rate increase during exercise?
They increase because after exercise the body needs more oxygen. Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) replaces oxygen that is lost to provide energy for faster breathing and heart rate.
Explain how gas exchange occurs in the lungs.
Each air sac on the lungs contains many alveoli which give the lungs a huge surface area. This means diffusion happens quickly.
How are the lungs adapted to allow as much gas exchange as possible?
Each air sac contains many alveoli which give the lungs a huge surface area, allowing diffusion to happen quickly.
Capillaries have walls that are only one-cell thick, to also speed up diffusion.
Explain what happens when we inhale.
- Diaphram contracts and moves downwards
- Rib muscles contract and lift ribs up and outwards
- Volume of chest increases
- Lungs expand
- Pressure in lungs is reduced
- Pressure outside is now higher than inside the lungs, so air flows into the lungs
Explain what happens when we exhale.
- Diaphram relaxes and moves upwards
- Rib muscles relax and move ribs down and inwards
- Volume of chest decreases
- Lungs get smaller
- Pressure in lungs is increased
- Pressure inside is now higher than outside the lungs, so air flows out of the lungs
Give three reasons why smoking is bad for your lungs and how it affects them.
- Nicotine - Makes arteries narrower, causes heart disease
- Tar - cancer, coats lungs reducing surface area, alveoli break apart
- Carbon monoxide - stops red blood cells carrying so much oxygen
Name the cell parts of each of the five kingdoms.
How does yeast reproduce?
It reproduces asexually by budding.
How does yeast use aerobic respiration in baking?
The carbon dioxide produced makes bread rise.
How does yeast use anearobic repiration for fermentation?
Yeast uses anaerobic respiration;
glucose —> carbon dioxide + ethanol
Ethanol is alcohol so is needed fore alcoholic drink manufacture.
How does bacteria respire anaerobically to make yoghurt and cheese?
They use a type of anaerobic repiration to ferment milk:
glucos —> lactic acid
How do protoctists use photosynthesis to become a producer in a food chain?
Some protoctists photosynthesise:
Carbon dioxide + water —> oxygen + glucose
Therefore they become the producers in a food chain.
What do unicellular organisms need to grow well?
- Warmth
- Food
- Moisture
Some need oxygen and/or light.
How do unicellular organisms decompose and play an important part in the carbon cycle?
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