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Biology Recap YR 10 > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

State the two types of cells

A

Eukaryotic (animals and plants)and prokaryotic

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2
Q

What is the difference between a eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell

A

A eukaryotic cell contains a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. A prokaryotic cell does not

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3
Q

List the components of both plants and animal cells (5)

A

Nucleus , Cytoplasm, Cell Membrane , Mitochondria , Ribosomes

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4
Q

How is genetic information stored in a eukaryotic cell

A

Within the nucleus , arranged in chromosomes

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5
Q

Other than storing genetic information , what is the function of the nucleus

A

Controls cellular activities

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6
Q

Describe the structure of the cytoplasm

A

Fluid component of the cell , contains organelles , enzymes , dissolved ion and nutrients

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7
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm

A

Site of cellular reactions e.g first stage of respiration

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8
Q

What is the function of cell membrane

A

Controls the entry and exit the materials into and out the cell

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9
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria

A

Site of later stages of aerobic response in which ATP is produced

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10
Q

What is the function of ribosomes

A

Joins amino acids in a specific order during translation

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11
Q

Which organelles are found in plants only (3)

A

Large permanent vacuole , Cell wall , Chloroplasts

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12
Q

What is the cell wall made of

A

Cellulose

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13
Q

What is the function of the cell wall

A

Provides strength , Prevents the cell bursting when enters by osmosis

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14
Q

What does the permanent vacuole contain

A

A solution of salts , sugars and organic acids

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15
Q

What is the function of the permanent vacuole

A

Supports the cell , maintaining its turgidity

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16
Q

What is the function of the chloroplasts

A

Site of photosynthesis

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17
Q

When looking at a cell using a light microscope , why do chloroplast appear green

A

Contain chlorophyll , a green pigment

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18
Q

List the organelles found in prokaryotic cells (6)

A

Chromosomal DNA , Plasmid DNA , Cell Wall , Cell Membrane , Ribosomes , Flagella

19
Q

How is genetic information stored in a prokaryotic cell

A

Chromosomal DNA ( single large loop of circular DNA) , Plasmid DNA

20
Q

What are plasmids

A

Small loops of DNA found free in the cytoplasm and separate from the Main DNA , Carry genes that provide genetic advantages e.g anabolic resistance

21
Q

What is the prokaryotic cell wall composed of

A

Peptidoglycan

22
Q

What is flagellum

A

Long , rotating , ‘whip like’ protrusion , Enables bacteria to move

23
Q

What is a haploid cell

A

A cell that contains a single copy of each chromosome (half the number of chromosomes)e.g 23 chromosomes in humans

24
Q

What is a diploid cell

A

A cell that contains two copies of each chromosome (full set of chromosomes)
e.g 46 chromosomes in humans

25
Q

What are gametes

A

Reproductive cells (e.g egg and sperm cells ) , They are haploid cells

26
Q

Describe sexual reproduction in terms of chromosome number

A

Two haploid gametes fuse , Resulting embryo has two chromosome for each gene and two copies of each allele diploid

27
Q

Describe how egg cells are adapted to their function

A

Haploid nucleus (contains genetic material ) Mitochondria (in cytoplasm produce energy for the developing embryo)Cytoplasm (contains nutrients for the developing embryo)Cell Membrane Hardens(after fertilisation , preventing the entry of other sperm and ensuring the zygote is diploid)

28
Q

Describe how sperm cells are adapted to their function

A

Haploid nucleus(contains genetic information)Tail( enables movement)Mitochondria(provide energy for tail movement)Acrosome(contains enzymes that digest the egg cell membrane)

29
Q

Which ciliated epithelial cells found

A

Found lining the surface of structures such as the respiratory tract and uterus

30
Q

Describe the function of ciliated epithelial cells lining the airways

A

Move in synchronised waves to beat mucus (containing dirt and pathogens ) up to the back of the throat where it can be swallowed

31
Q

What is magnification

A

The number of times bigger an image appears compared to the size of the specimen

32
Q

How can the total magnification of an image be calculated from lens powers

A

Total magnification =

Eyepiece power x objective power

33
Q

How can the magnification of an image be calculated

A

Magnification =

                          Size of image 
                         ———————-
                        Size of specimen
34
Q

What is resolution

A

The smallest distance between two object that can be distinguished

35
Q

How does a light microscope work

A

Passes a beam of light through the specimen which travels through the eyepiece lens , allowing the specimen to be observed

36
Q

What are the advantages of light microscopes (4)

A

Inexpensive , Easy to use , Portable , Observe both dead and living specimens

37
Q

What is the disadvantage of light microscopes

A

Limited resolution

38
Q

How does an electron microscope work

A

It uses a beam of electrons which are focused using magnets . The electrons hit a fluorescent screen which emits visible light , producing an image

39
Q

Name the two types of electron microscope

A

Transmission electron microscope (TEM)
Scanning electron microscope
(SEM)

40
Q

What is the advantage of electron microscopes

A

Greater magnification and resolution

41
Q

Why do electron microscopes have a greater magnification and resolution

A

They use a beam of electrons which has a shorter wavelength than photons of light

42
Q

How have electron microscopes enable scientists to develop their understanding of cells .

A

Allow small sub-cellular structures (e.g mitochondria ribosomes ) to be observed in detail .
Enable scientists to develop more accurate explanations about how cell structures relates to function .

43
Q

What are the disadvantages of electron microscopes (4)

A

Expensive , Large so less portable , require training to use , only dead specimens can be observed

Biology Recap YR 10 (1 decks)

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