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Science > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Spontaneous generation

A

a reaction that favors the formation of products at the conditions under which the reaction is occurring

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2
Q

Controlled variable

A

An element in an experiment that is held constant

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3
Q

Manipulated variable

A

A variable that can cause something to change

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4
Q

Responding variable

A

The variable that responds to the changes made in an experiment

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5
Q

Control

A

An element that remains unaffected in an experiment

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6
Q

Cell Theory:

A
  1. All living things are made up of one or more cells and the materials produced by these cells
  2. All life functions take place in cells, making them the smallest unit of life
  3. All cells are produced from pre-existing cells through the process of cell division
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7
Q

Cell

A

the smallest unit that can live on its own and that makes up all living organisms and the tissues of the body. It is an open system.

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8
Q

Cell membrane

A

A phospholipid bilayer that surrounds the cell, it holds the cell together and protects it. It also diffuses in/out and contains embedded proteins that serve many functions

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9
Q

Cytoplasm

A

The gel-like substance inside the cell membrane that contains water and nutrients for the cell

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10
Q

Nucleus

A

The nucleus is the control center of the cell. It contains all the genetic information and tells the cell what to do. It is surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear membrane.

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11
Q

Nuclear pores

A

Holes in the nuclear membrane

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12
Q

Why is the nucleus the most important part of the cell

A
  • Contains chromatin:
    • Long strands of DNA
      -DNA —> Instruction manual
    • Stores genetic information
      Nucleolus:
      Creates rRNA to make ribosomes
      Sends mRNA do ribosomes to produce protein
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13
Q

Ribosomes

A

The site of protein synthesis

- Attached on rough endoplasmic reticulum or free around cytoplasm

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14
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

organelles that carry proteins and other molecules around the cell

  • tubes are connected together, they branch out from the nuclear membrane
  • two types, rough ER and smooth ER
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15
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A
  • Has ribosomes on its outer surface
  • Used for making proteins
  • Transport of proteins in vesicles to the Golgi apparatus
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16
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A
  • No ribosomes
  • Produces lipids, cholesterol, and hormones
  • Detoxification breaks down toxins
  • Stores ions
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17
Q

Unicellular organism

A

Organisms that are made of only one cell

- Eg – Euglena, amoeba

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18
Q

Multicellular organism

A

Organisms that are made up of MANY cells
- Ex – tree, onion, worm, human
- When a cell becomes too big,
It will divide into two smaller cells.

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19
Q

Disadvantages of being multicellular

A
  • Harder for diffusion to happen
  • Multicellular organisms developed transport systems for more efficient exchange of materials
    - Ex blood vessels in mammals, phloem and xylem in plants
20
Q

Advantage to having many cells

A

DIVISION OF LABOUR

  • All cells have different functions: they do different things
    • Ex – muscle cells, red blood cells, brain cells, etc.
21
Q

Epidermis

A

The outermost layer of plants (1 cell-layer thick)

Function: gas exchange, protect plants

22
Q

Ground tissue

A 
Parts of the plant body not included in the dermal or vascular tissue system
Function: 
in stems - strengthen and support plant 
in roots - food, water storage
in leaves - photosynthesis
23
Q

Palisade (mesophyll) Tissue

A

Column (long) shaped mesophyll cells
tightly packed.
Function: photosynthesis

24
Q

Spongy (mesophyll) cells

A

Layer of loosely spaced mesophyll cells in a leaf, the increased distance between cells promotes diffusion
Function: promotes diffusion

25
Q

Vascular tissue

A

Transport tissues, formed of cells joined into tubes that carry water and nutrients through the body of the plant
Function: transport materials through plants

26
Q

Phloem

A

Vascular tissue that transports sucrose and other dissolved sugars from the leaves to other parts of the plant.

27
Q

Sieve tube cells

A

Long hollow cells to transport sugar. (no nucleus!)

28
Q

Companion cells

A

cells attached to sieve tube cells that direct their activities

29
Q

Meristems

A

The growth region of the plant with cells that will divide and grow
Function: produce more root and shoot tissues to grow

30
Q

Root hairs

A

Extension of a specialized cell on a plant root

- Function: increase the surface area to maximise water absorption.

31
Q

Guard cells

A

Specialized cells in the lower epidermal surface.

- Only epidermal cells with chloroplasts
- Form tiny pores called stomata.
- Swell and shrink to control the amount of gas that enter and leave the leaf
- Function: open and close the stoma
32
Q

Cuticle

A

Produced by epidermis cells. A Waxy, waterproof coating that covers plant leaves and stems
- Function: resist attack from microorganisms, help reduce water loss

33
Q

Stomata

A

Little pores that that let the air and water in and out.

34
Q

Cohesion

A

water molecules are attracted to other water molecules (they like to stick to together)

35
Q

Adhesion

A

water molecules are attracted to molecules of other substances

36
Q

Transpiration

A

When water in leaves evaporate

37
Q

Cohesion

A

the intermolecular attractive force acting between two adjacent portions of a substance, particularly of a solid or liquid

38
Q

The Particle Model of Matter

A

1) All MATTER is made up of particles
2) Particles are constantly MOVING
Solids < liquids < gases
3) Particles of matter are ATTRACTED to one another (or are bonded together)
4) Particles have SPACES in between them

39
Q

Photosynthesis

A

the process (a series of chemical reactions) that a plant undergoes to use sunlight energy to make its sugar.

40
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

To have energy to carry out life’s processes, cells must carry out cellular respiration to make energy (ATP) in the mitochondria

41
Q

Plasmolysis

A

when plants wilt because it does not have enough water

42
Q

Phototropism

A

how plants grow in response to light

43
Q

Positive phototropism

A

plants grow TOWARDS light.

44
Q

Negative phototropism

A

plants grow AWAY from light

45
Q

Gravitropism

A

plants response to earth’s gravitational force through growth movement

46
Q

Negative gravitropism

A

plants growing against the gravitational force

47
Q

Positive gravitropism

A

roots growing towards the gravitational force

Science (3 decks)

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