biology Flashcards
label the parts of an animal cell
cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria
label the parts of a plant cell
cell wall, cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, chloroplasts, vacuole, mitochondria
why are red blood cells biconcave?
to allow for more surface area so more haemoglobin can absorb more oxygen.
do phagocytes have a lobed nucleus?
yes.
what is the equation for total magnification of a microscope.
eyepeice lens x objective lens
can electron microscopes be used on living things?
no.
what is the IAM triangle?
Image size = actual size x magnification of drawing.
why do animal cells not need cell walls?
they dont need as much structure that the plant cells have.
when observing cheek cells do you use methlene blue or iodine to observe the cells?
methlene blue
according to cell theory all organisms consist of one or more living cells. true or false?
true
do you use hematoxylin and eosin stain to view blood cells?
yes.
what is a chromosone made of
dna strands
define diffusion.
the net movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration down a concentration gradient.
define osmosis
the net movement of water molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration down a concentration gradient.
diffusion is a non-passive process. true or false?
false
is a cell membrane selectively permeable
yes
if there is a high concentration of water in cells what do they become?
turgid
if there is a low concentration of water in cells what do they become?
flacid.
define active transport.
the active movement of molecules against a concentration gradient
what is the optimum temperature of enzymes in the body?
40 degrees celcius
explain lock and key theory.
it is where the substrate enters an enzymes active site and is broken down into the product.
what are the factors affecting rates of reaction?
tempersture, pH
if you add more enzymes into a solution, will it speed up the rate of reaction?
yes
what happens when enzymes denature?
the active site warps and becomes unusable
label the parts of the digestive system that food passes through.
oesphagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus
what parts of the digestive system does food not pass through?
pancreas, liver, gall bladder.
digestion definition.
digestion is the breakdown or large insoluble molecules into small soluble molecules that can be absorbed.
what does the large intestine do?
absorbs water
what does the small intestine do?
lipid digestion, starch protein digestion, absorption of small soluble molecules.
what enzymes does the pancreas excret?
all, carbohydrase, protease, lipase.
what does carbohydrates break down into/
glucose
what does protiens break down into?
amino acids
what does lipids break down into?
fatty acids and glycerol.
why are there villi in the small intestine?
more surface area
what does iodine test for?
starch.
what does benidicts test for?
glucose
what does buriet test for?
protien
label the parts of the respiration system.
trachea, bronchus, bronchiole, alveolus
how does the alveolus adapt?
thin walls to allow oxygen to diffuse out and co2 to dissolve in.
what is the test for carbon dioxide and what is the positive result.
limewater and it turns milky/cloudy.
what is the composition of gases in the air.
78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0.04% carbon dioxide.
aerobic respiration word equation.
glucose + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water (+ATP)
anerobic respiration word equation.
glucose –> lactic acid (+energy)
emphysema damages the alveoli. true or false
true
is nitrogen used in cells?
no
what absorbs carbon dioxide?
potassium hydroxide
what does the red blood cell do
carrys oxygen
what does the white blood cell do
defends the body against disease
what does a platelet do
it helps clot the blood
what does the plasma do
carries protien and soluable nutrients
does a vein have blood flow into the heart or out?
in
does a artery have blood flow into the heart or out?
out
order in terms of size, smallest to largest. vein artery capillary
capillary vein artery
how many cells thick is the capillary
one
what is CVD
cardiovascular disease is where the heart fails to function as normal.
what medicine do you use for patients with heart disease
statins
what is an angioplasty
where they insert a mesh cage to keep the vein open
how many chambers are there in the heart
4
what are the top chambers of the heart?
atrium
what are the bottom chambers of the heart?
ventricle
photosynthesis word equation
water + carbon dioxide (with light energy + chlorophyll) –> glucose + oxygen
what is glucose used for in a plant?
respiration, conversion to starch for storage and manufacture of cellulose, proteins and oils
what are the limiting factors for photosynthesis?
light intensity. carbon dioxide concentration, temperature
what gives out carbon dioxide for a photosynthesis experiment?
sodium hydrocarbonate
what are the layers of cells in a leaf?
waxy cuticle, upper epidermis, palisade layer, spongy mesophyll, vascular bundle, guard cells and stoma
what layer of the leaf contains the most chloroplasts?
the palisade layer
what does a cell need to be to have the most support available?
turgid
what cell in a plant contains no chloroplasts?
root hair cells
what travels in the xylem
water
what travels in the phloem
sugars such as sucrose
if guard cells are flaccid does the pore open or close?
closes
rate of transpiration = distance moved by the bubble / time taken. true or false
true
what minerals are absorbed by the root hair cells?
nitrus oxide, phosphorus oxide, potassium, magnesium
when testing leaves for starch, what should you do?
boil the leaf in water, boil the leaf in ethanol, wash the leaf and then apply iodine stain
what experiment is a potmeter used for?
transpiration experiment
state three reasons why plants need photosynthesis
to remain upright with structure, photosynthesis and respiration
what is a use of glucose in plants?
respiration, transpiration and conversion to starch for storage
name the process where magnesium ions are diffused into the plant.
diffusion.
describe the cells of a wilting plant
flaccid
why are stoma found on the bottom of the leaves rather than the top?
to allow the easier release of water
