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unit 1 applied science 22' > biology > Flashcards

biology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

who was the first one to describe a cell?

A

robert hooke

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2
Q

what is resolution?

A

Distinguishing between 2 objects close together

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3
Q

what is the role of the cytoplasm?

A

This is where reactions take place

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4
Q

what is the role of the golgi apparatus

A

packages proteins

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5
Q

what is the role of the nucleolus?

A

makes ribosomes

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6
Q

what is the role of the centrioles?

A

form spindle fibres

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7
Q

what is the role of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

synthesises lipids and carbohydrates

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8
Q

what is the role of the lysosome

A

breaks down waste materials

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9
Q

If bacteria appear pink under the microscope after gram staining, they are …

A

gram negative

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10
Q

Palisade mesophyll cells contain lots of..

A

chloroplasts

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11
Q

Sperm cells have this in their head to pierce the egg cell

A

acrosome

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12
Q

The outer protective layer of the egg cell is known as the

A

zona pellucida

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13
Q

Squamous epithelial tissue lines the..

A

alveoli

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14
Q

Columnar epithelial tissue lines the..

A

trachea

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15
Q

squamous epithelial cells ….

A

are 1 cell thick, present in the alveoli and are used for rapid diffusion

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16
Q

columnar cells …

A

have cilia on the surface present in the trachea and have goblet cells

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17
Q

Endothelial tissue is found in the…

A

blood vessels

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18
Q

Atheromas can be formed in…

A

endothelial tissue

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19
Q

During muscle contraction, the A band

A

stays the same length

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20
Q

what happens during muscle contraction

A

actin and myosin filaments slide past each other, the myosin pulls actin
the a band stays the same length the i band and the h zone shorten and the z lines are pulled closer and the sarcomere decreases in size

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21
Q

what is a eukaryotic cell?

A

a cell with a nucleus

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22
Q

what is the plasma membrane made of?

A

phospholipid bilayer

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23
Q

what are chromosomes made up of

A

nucleic acid and proteins

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24
Q

what size ribosome do eukaryotic cells have?

A

80s

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25
Q

what size ribosome do prokaryotic cells have?

A

70s

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26
Q

whats the role of the cytoplasm

A

where all reactions take place

27
Q

what does palisade mesophyll cells contain

A

chloroplast

28
Q

why does palisade mesophyll contain chloroplast

A

to help them perform proteinsynthese

29
Q

what is the outer protective layer of the egg cell called?

A

zona pellucida

30
Q

what do the squamous tissue line?

A

the alveoli

31
Q

Columnar epithelial tissue lines the ….

A

the trachea

32
Q

Squamous epithelial cells …

A

Are 1 cell thick
Present in the alveoli
Used for rapid diffusion

33
Q

columnar epithelial cells

A

Have cilia on the surface
Present in the trachea
Have goblet cells

34
Q

where is the endothelial tissue found?

A

blood vessels

35
Q

what is an atheroma?

A

degeneration of the walls of the arteries caused by accumulated fatty deposits and scar tissue, and leading to restriction of the circulation and a risk of thrombosis.

36
Q

where can atheromas formed?

A

endothelial tissue

37
Q

what are the similarities

prokaryotic and eukaryotic between?

A

Cell Wall
Cell surface membrane
Size of ribosomes
Genetic material type

38
Q

what happens to the a band during muscle contraction?

A

stays the same

39
Q

what happens to the h zone during muscle contraction?

A

get shorter

40
Q

what happens to the i band during muscle contraction

A

gets shorter

41
Q

what is myosin and actin?

A

type of a muscle filament

42
Q

what happens during depolarization?

A

sodium channels open to allow sodium to flow in

43
Q

what happens repolarization?

A

Potassium channels open to allow potassium out

44
Q

What is the refractory period?

A

Sodium channels are inactive

45
Q

what the definition of temporal summation?

A

when two impulses are sent in quick succession from the same presynaptic neuron

46
Q

The definition of a spatial summation is?

A

when impulses from different presynaptic neurons that synapse on the same postsynaptic neuron add together

47
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitters make

A

the membrane potential move towards from the threshold

48
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitters make

A

The membrane potential move away from the threshold

49
Q

how is a red blood cell specialised to its role?

A

they have no nucleus or other organelles so there is more room for hemoglobin which is a protein that carries oxygen
they are also small round and have biconcave discs, this optimises their surface area to volume ratio. this allows more oxygen and co2 to diffuse into the hemoglobin, the size also helps them move around through narrow vessels.
having no nucleus means that they cannot divide.

50
Q

whats a biconcave?

A

the dip in the structure of the red blood cell

51
Q

where are red blood cells made?

A

bone marrow

52
Q

what does a white blood cell have

A

a large nucleus t and b cells and an immunology memory

53
Q

where are the white blood cells made?

A

bone marrow and the lymph nodes

54
Q

what is the function of the white blood cells?

A

fight the pathogens

55
Q

what is the process of the t and b cells?

A

the T cells send signals to B cells, and the B cells produce antibodies and some become memory cells the t cells then destroys the cancerous and infectious cells

56
Q

what does COPD stand for?

A

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

57
Q

what are the two types of COPD?

A

emphysema and chronic bronchitis

58
Q

whats the structure of squamous cells?

A

they are very flat with egg shaped nuclei

59
Q

what are squamous cells good for?

A

rapid diffusion

60
Q

why do ciliated columnar cells have many mitochondria?

A

so the cilli can get rid of pathogens goblet cells release sticky mucus onto the outer surface of the epithelium

61
Q

when do blood clots form?

A

when there is damage to the inside of the blood vessel

62
Q

is the endothelium in arteries thick or thin?

A

thick - this is because endothelium reduces friction and allows for smooth flow of the blood. damaged blood cells cause blood vessels to constrict

63
Q

is the endothelium in capillaries thick or thin?

A

thin, only a single layer - this helps easy exchange of nutrients and oxygen into the tissues and the removal of waste products

64
Q

what is atherosclerosis?

A

this is the disease process that leads to coronary diseases and strokes. fatty deposits (atheroma) can either block an artery directly or increase the chance of being blocked by a blood clot (thrombosis). Fatty products can also produce plaque (also known as an atheroma) which build up on the walls of arteries which reduce the lumens diameter and eventually block the artery completely

unit 1 applied science 22' (3 decks)

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