Biology 112 - Exam 2

Question 1

Which system uses a hierarchal model to organize living organisms into increasingly specific categories?

Answer 1

Taxonomic classification

Question 2

What are the three domains?

Answer 2

-Archaea
-Bacteria
-Eukarya

Question 3

A group of individuals that interbreed and produce fertile, viable offspring.

Answer 3

Species

Question 4

2 parts of the General Model of Speciation

Answer 4

1. Genetic isolation: barrier to gene flow
2. Genetic divergence: mutation, selection and genetic drift in isolated populations

Question 5

List things that can lead to speciation

Answer 5

• Founder event
• Physical barrier like a dam, mountains, rivers, etc.
• Human caused events such as deforestation or artificial selection

Question 6

What are the three criteria for identifying species?

Answer 6

1. Morphological species concept
2. Biological species concept
3. Phylogenic species concept

Question 7

Which concept for identifying a species uses physical attributes?

Answer 7

Morphospecies

Question 8

Limitations to morphospecies concept

Answer 8

• Natural physical differences (like color)
• Sexual dimorphisms
• Although morphology might look similar between organisms, they may function differently

Question 9

Which concept involves differentiating mechanisms that stop gene flow between populations?

ALSO THE MAIN CRITERION FOR IDENTIFYING SPECIES

Answer 9

Biological

Question 10

Biological species concepts encompass ___ isolation.

Answer 10

reproductive

Question 11

2 types of reproductive isolation

Answer 11

Prezygotic and postzygotic

Question 12

a) Individuals of different species are prevented form mating successfully

b) Hybrid offspring do not survive or reproduce

Answer 12

a) Prezygotic isolation
b) Postzygotic isolation

Question 13

Temporal isolation fall into the category of ___ isolation. Reproduction is prevented due to ___.

Answer 13

prezygotic, timing

Question 14

Habitat isolation is a type of ___ isolation. Reproduction is prevent due to a difference in population___.

Answer 14

prezygotic, habitat/location

Question 15

Behavioral isolation is a type of ___ isolation. Reproduction is prevented due to a difference in ___ behaviors.

Answer 15

prezygotic, mating

Question 16

List limitations to the biological species concept.

Answer 16

• does not apply to extinct organisms
• does not apply to asexual organisms

Question 17

Branching evolutionary history of a group of organisms.

Answer 17

Phylogeny

Question 18

A group of species on the same node; consists of a common ancestor and all of its descendants

Answer 18

Monophyletic group

Question 19

Other names for monophyletic group.

Answer 19

• clade
• lineage

Question 20

Which concept identifies species based on evolutionary history?

Answer 20

Phylogenetic

Question 21

When you compare phylogenetic trees, as long as they show the same evolutionary relationship, …

Answer 21

they mean the same thing.

Question 22

Any genetic, morphological, physiological, developmental, or behavioral characteristic.

Answer 22

Trait or character

Question 23

What are the two possible states for a character?

Answer 23

Present (1) or absent (0)

Question 24

Two possible complications when creating a tree.

Answer 24

1. traits may be similar due to HOMOPLASY (independent evolution), not HOMOLOGY (common ancestry)
2. A reversal in character, which makes it seem change never occured

Question 25

3 methods to filter probable trees

Answer 25

- parsimony - evolutionary distance - max. likelihood and Bayesian analysis

Question 26

Match the methods to filter probable trees: a) Quantifies the average frequency of character changes among pairs of taxa b) Requires info beyond data matrix; is popular with molecular data sets c) Assumes that the most likely pattern requires the least amount of change

Answer 26

a) Evolutionary distance b) Max. likelihood and Bayesian analysis c) Parsimony

Question 27

___ evolution is a common cause of evolution and occurs when there are adaptations to similar ___ pressures

Answer 27

Convergent, environmental

Question 28

Populations that live in different areas are in ___

Answer 28

allopatry

Question 29

Speciation that begins with geographic isolation is called ___ speciation.

Answer 29

allopatric

Question 30

Movement of individuals from one place to another

Answer 30

Dispersal

Question 31

Physical splitting of habitat splits population into subgroups that are isolated.

Answer 31

Vicariance

Question 32

Either vicariance or dispersion causes...

Answer 32

Allopatric speciation

Question 33

Speciation that occurs among populations within the same geographical area.

Answer 33

Sympatry

Question 34

Sympatric speciation can be initiated by what two events?

Answer 34

1. External/extrinsic events 2. Internal/intrinsic events

Question 35

Extrinsic or intrinsic? a) Chromosomal mutations b) Different ecological niches c) Mate preferences *b and c lead to disruptive selection

Answer 35

a) intrinsic b) extrinsic c) extrinsic

Question 36

Aneuploidy is when there are too many/few ___ and is an ___ event.

Answer 36

chromosomes, internal

Question 37

Sympatric speciation is drive by ___ selection because it acts of diverse types of traits.

Answer 37

diversifying

Question 38

Can you look at a graph and determine if it's a pre or post-zygotic isolation barrier?

Answer 38

the answer should be yes...

Question 39

What do branches represent?

Answer 39

Evolutionary lineage, time, group of related species

Question 40

What do nodes represent?

Answer 40

Common ancestors

Question 41

Clade/Monophyletic group

Answer 41

Most recent ancestor AND all descendants

Question 42

In a phylogenetic tree, how can different data (biological, morphology, etc.) affect the tree?

Answer 42

It can show different evolutionary relationships

Question 43

First step in creating a phylogenetic tree:

Answer 43

Sequencing

Question 44

Homologous structure vs Analogous structure

Answer 44

Homologous: from common ancestor; ex: human and bat wing Analogous: similar structure due to similar environmental adaptations; ex: stark and dolphin fin

Question 45

Polyphyletic

Answer 45

species from different evolutionary lineages

Question 46

Pros and Cons: Biological Species Concept

Answer 46

Pros: straightforward because you can observe how species procreate and if offspring is viable Cons: can't apply to asexual or extinct organisms

Question 47

Pros and Cons: Morphological Species Concept

Answer 47

Pros: can be applied to extinct creatures as living organisms Cons: doesn't apply to convergent evolution structures or structures that look similar but function differently in organisms ex: bat and bird wings

Question 48

Pros and Cons: Phylogenic Species Concept

Answer 48

Pros: good framework for tree and draws connected based on derived characteristics (evolutionary relationships) Cons: needs genetic data and therefore can be hard to apply to extinct organisms

Question 49

Define secondary contact and 3 types

Answer 49

- two previously isolated groups that come back into contact 1. Fusion - two groups merge into one 2. Reinforcement - reproductive barriers strengthen and groups remain distinct 3. Stability - hybrids are viable and there is a hybrid zone (parent species still going on strong)

Question 50

Dear King Phillip Came Over For Good Soup

Answer 50

Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species