Biology 110 Chapter 4 Voc Flashcards
1
Q
Cell Biology
A
The study of individual cells and their interactions with each other
2
Q
Cell theory
A
A theory that states that all organisms are made of cells, cells are the smallest units of living organisms, and new cells come from pre-existing cells by cell division.
3
Q
Prebiotic soup
A
-The medium formed by the slow accumulation of organic molecules in the early oceans over a long period of time prior to the existence of life.
4
Q
Protobiont
A
The term used to describe the first nonliving structure that could have evolved into a living cell.
5
Q
Ribozymes
A
- A biological catalyst that RNA molecule
6
Q
Liposome
A
A vesicle surrounded by phospholipid layer
7
Q
Chemical Selection
A
The process that occurs when a chemical within a mixture has special properties or advantages that cause it to increase in amount relative to other chemicals in the mixture. May have played a key role in the formation of an RNA world.
8
Q
Chemical Evolution
A
The process by which population of molecules changes over time to become a new population with different chemical composition
9
Q
RNA World
A
A hypothetical period on primitive Earth when both the information needed for life and the catalytic activity of living cells were contained solely in RNA molecules.
10
Q
Proteins -Proteins interactions
A
The specific interactions between proteins that occur during many critical cellular processes
11
Q
Genes
A
A unit of heredity. At the molecular level, a gene is an organized unit of base sequences in a DNA strand that can be transcribed into RNA and ultimately results in the formation of a functional product.
12
Q
Genome
A
The complete genetic material of organism or species
13
Q
Microscope
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A magnification tool that enables researchers to visualize the structures and inner workings of cells.
14
Q
Micrograph
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An image taken with aid of microscope
15
Q
Resolution
A
In microscopy, the ability to observe two adjacent objects as distinct from one another; a measure of the clarity of an image.
16
Q
Contrast
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- In microscopy, relative differences in lightness, darkness, or color between adjacent regions in a sample.
17
Q
Magnification
A
The ratio between the size of image produced by microscope and the object’s actual size
18
Q
Light Microscope
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A microscope that utilizes light for illumination.
19
Q
Electron Microscope
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A microscope that uses an electron beam for illumination.
20
Q
Transmission Electron Microscopy
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(TEM) A type of microscopy in which a beam of electrons is transmitted through a biological sample to form an image on a photographic plate or screen.
21
Q
Scanning Electron Microscopy
A
(SEM) :A type of microscopy that utilizes an electron beam to produce an image of the three-dimensional surface of a biological sample.
22
Q
Plasma Membrane
A
The biological membrane that separates the internal contents of a cell from its external environment.
23
Q
Cytoplasm
A
The region of the cell that is contained within the plasma membrane.
24
Q
Nucleoid
A
The site in a bacterial cell where the genetic material (DNA) is located
25
Ribosomes
A structure composed of proteins and rRNA that is the site where translation of mRNAs and synthesis of polypeptides occurs.
26
Eukaryote
- A member of the domain Eukarya. The distinguishing feature of eukaryotes is cell compartmentalization, including a cell nucleus; eukaryotes include protists, fungi, plants, and animals.
27
Organelle
A subcellular structure or membrane-bound compartment with its own unique structure and function
28
Compartmentalization
- A characteristic of eukaryotic cells, in which many membrane-bound organelles separate the cell into different regions. Cellular compartmentalization allows a cell to carry out specialized chemical reactions in different places.
29
Liquid -Liquid Phase separation
A characteristic of eukaryotic cells, in which many membrane-bound organelles separate the cell into different regions. Cellular compartmentalization allows a cell to carry out specialized chemical reactions in different places.
30
Droplet organelle
An organelle that is not surrounded by a membrane but exists as a droplet formed by liquid-liquid phase separation.
31
Cytosol
The region of a eukaryotic cell that is inside the plasma membrane and outside the organelles.
32
Metabolism
the sum of all bodily activities and chemical reactions that occur within an organism to maintain life. Also, a specific set of chemical reactions that occur at the cellular level
33
Catabolism
A metabolic pathway that results in the breakdown of larger molecules into smaller molecules. Such reactions are often exergonic.
34
Anabolism
: A metabolic pathway that results in the breakdown of larger molecules into smaller molecules. Such reactions are often exergonic.
35
Cytoskeleton
eukaryotes, a network within the cytosol consisting of three different types of protein filaments called microtubules, intermediate filaments, and actin filaments.
36
Microtubule
A type of hollow protein filament composed of tubulin proteins that is part of the cytoskeleton and is important for cell shape, organization, and movement.
37
Intermediate filament
: A type of protein filament of the cytoskeleton of animal cells that helps maintain cell shape and rigidity.
38
Actin filament
: A thin type of protein filament that is composed of actin proteins, forms part of the cytoskeleton and supports the plasma membrane; plays a key role in cell strength, shape, and movement.
39
Dynamic Instability
oscillation of a single microtubule between growing and shortening phases; important in many cellular activities, including the sorting of chromosomes during cell division.
40
Microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) -
A site in a eukaryotic cell from which microtubules grow
41
Centrosome
A single structure often near the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell that forms a nucleating site for the growth of microtubules; also called a microtubule-organizing center.
42
Centrioles
A pair of structures within the centrosome of animal cells. Most plant cells and many protists lack centrioles.
43
Microfilament
actin filament
44
Motor protein
- A type of cellular protein that uses ATP as a source of energy to promote movement; consists of three domains called the head, hinge, and tail.
45
Flagulla (Singular, flagellum)
Relatively long cell appendages that facilitate cellular movement or the movement of extracellular fluids
46
Axoneme
An internal structure of eukaryotic flagella and cilia that contains microtubules, the motor protein dynein, and linking proteins
47
Basal Bodies
A site at the base of flagella or cilia from which microtubules grow. Basal bodies are anchored on the cytosolic side of the plasma membrane.
48
Endomembrane system -
A network of membranes that includes the nuclear envelope, the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, peroxisomes, and plasma membrane.
49
Nuclear envelope
A double-membrane structure that encloses the cell’s nucleus.
50
Nuclear pores
A passageway for the movement of molecules and macromolecules into and out of the nucleus; formed where the inner and outer nuclear membranes make contact with each other.
51
Chromatin
The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotes
52
Nuclear matrix
: A filamentous network of proteins that is found inside the nucleus and lines the inner nuclear membrane. The nuclear matrix serves to organize the chromosomes.
53
Nuclear Lamina
A collection of protein fibers that line the inner nuclear membrane, part of the nuclear matrix.
54
Chromosome territory
:A distinct area where each chromosome is located within the cell nucleus of eukaryotic cells; chromosome territories do not overlap.
55
Nucleolus -
A droplet organelle in the nucleus of nondividing cells where ribosome assembly occurs.
56
Endoplasmic reticulum
A convoluted network of membranes in a cell’s cytoplasm that forms flattened, fluid-filled tubules, or cisternae.
57
Cisternae
Flattened, fluid-filled tubules of the endoplasmic reticulum.
58
Lumen
The internal space or hollow cavity of an organelle or an organ, such as the endoplasmic reticulum, the stomach, or a blood vessel.
59
ER LUMEN
: A single compartment enclosed by the ER membrane
60
Rough endoplasmic:
The part of the ER whose outer surface is studded with ribosomes; this region plays a key role in the initial synthesis and sorting of proteins that are destined for the ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, plasma membrane, or extracellular environment.
61
Membrane Vesicle
: A small sphere enclosed by a membrane.
62
Glycosylation -
The covalent attachment of a carbohydrate to a protein or lipid, producing a glycoprotein or glycolipid, respectively.
63
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum ( Smooth ER):
The part of the ER whose outer surface is not studded with ribosomes. This region is continuous with the rough ER and functions in diverse metabolic processes such as detoxification, carbohydrate metabolism, accumulation of calcium ions (Ca2+), and synthesis and modification of lipids.
64
Golgi Apparatus
A stack of flattened, membrane-bound compartments that performs three overlapping functions: secretion, processing, and protein sorting.
65
Proteolysis
A processing event within a cell in which enzymes called proteases cut proteins into smaller polypeptides.
66
Protease
An enzyme that cuts proteins into smaller polypeptides.
67
Secretory Vesicle
A membrane vesicle carrying different types of materials that fuses with the cell’s plasma membrane to release the contents extracellularly.
68
Secretory Pathway:
A pathway for the movement of larger substances, such as carbohydrates and proteins, from the ER to the outside of a cell.
69
Lysosomes
A small organelle found in animal cells that contains acid hydrolases that degrade molecules and macromolecules.
70
Acid Hydrolases
A hydrolytic enzyme found in lysosomes that functions at acidic pH and uses a molecule of water to break a covalent bond.
71
Central Vacuole
A small, membrane-enclosed, water-filled compartment that eliminates excess liquid from the cells of certain protists.
72
Vacuoles
Specialized organelles found in eukaryotic cells that function in storage, the regulation of cell volume, and degradation
73
Peroxisomes
A relatively small organelle that is found in all eukaryotic cells and that catalyzes detoxifying reactions.
74
Catalase
An enzyme within peroxisomes that breaks down hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen gas.
75
Glyoxysome
A specialized organelle within plant seeds that contains enzymes needed to convert fats to sugars.
76
Membrane transport:
The movement of ions or molecules across a biological membrane.
77
Cell signaling
A vital function of the plasma membrane in which cells sense changes in their environment and communicate with each other.
78
Cell adhesion
-A vital function of the cell membrane that allows cells to bind to each other. Cell adhesion is critical in the formation of multicellular organisms and provides a way to convey positional information between neighboring cells.
79
Mitochondria (Mitchochdrion) -
A semi-autonomous organelle found in eukaryotic cells that supplies most of a cell’s ATP
80
Cristae
Projections of the highly invaginated inner membrane of a mitochondrion.
81
Mitochondrial matrix
Projections of the highly invaginated inner membrane of a mitochondrion.
82
Chloroplasts
A semi-autonomous organelle found in plant and algal cells that carries out photosynthesis.
83
Thylakoid membrane:
A membrane within the chloroplast that forms many flattened, fluid-filled tubules that enclose a single, convoluted compartment. The membrane contains chlorophyll and is the site where the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur.
84
Granum
A structure composed of stacked membrane-bound thylakoids within a chloroplast.
85
stroma
The fluid-filled region of the chloroplast between the thylakoid membrane and the inner membrane.
86
Plastids
A general name given to organelles found in plant and algal cells that are bound by two or more membranes and contain DNA A general name given to organelles found in plant and algal cells that are bound by two or more membranes and contain DNA
87
Mitochondrial Genome:
The chromosome found in mitochondria.
88
Chloroplast Genome:
The chromosome found in chloroplasts.
89
Nuclear Genome:
The chromosomes found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell.
90
Binary Fission
The process of cell division in bacteria and archaea in which one cell divides into two cells. It is also the process by which mitochondria and chloroplasts divide.
91
Endosymbiosis theory:
A theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from bacteria that took up residence within primordial eukaryotic cells.
92
Sorting Signal
A short amino acid sequence in a protein that directs the protein to its correct location in a cell; also known as a traffic signal.
93
Traffic signal
see sorting signal
94
Cotranslational sorting:
The sorting process in which the synthesis of certain eukaryotic proteins begins in the cytosol and then halts temporarily until the ribosome has become bound to the ER membrane.
95
Post-Translational sorting :
The uptake of proteins into the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, or peroxisomes that occurs after the protein is completely made in the cytosol (that is, completely translated).
96
ER signal sequence:
A sorting signal in a polypeptide that is usually located near the N-terminus and is recognized by SRP (signal recognition particle), allowing the polypeptide to be directed to the ER membrane.
97
Signal recognition particle (SRP)-
A protein-RNA complex that recognizes the ER signal sequence of a polypeptide, pauses translation, and directs the ribosome to the ER to complete translation.
