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Biology 110 > Biology 110 > Flashcards

Biology 110 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the structural classifications of neurons?

A

multipolar, bipolar, unipolar

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2
Q

what are the functional classifications of neurons?

A

sensory–PNS, motor neurons–in motor cortex , inter neurons–CNS

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3
Q

what are the 6 types of glial cells

A 
Astrocyte.
Oligodendrocyte.
Microglia.
Ependymal cell.
Satellite cell.
Schwann cell.
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4
Q

what is function of astrocyte

A

regulate the transmission of electrical impulses within the brain

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5
Q

what is the function of oligodendrocyte

A

provide support and insulation to axons in the central nervous system of some vertebrate

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6
Q

what is function of schwann cell

A

supporting nerve regeneration in peripheral nervous system form myelin sheaths

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7
Q

what is function of microglia

A

mediate immune responses in the central nervous system by acting as macrophages

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8
Q

what is function of ependymal cells

A

mainly produce cerebro - spinal fluid

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9
Q

what is function of satellite cell

A

cover the surface of nerve cell bodies in sensory, sympathetic, and parasympathetic ganglia upply nutrients to the surrounding neurons and also have some structural function. Satellite cells also act as protective, cushioning cells.

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10
Q

where are astrocytes located

A

astrocytes found in gray matter CNS

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11
Q

where are oligodendrocytes located

A

CNS only not PNS- spinal cord and brain only

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12
Q

where are schwann cells located

A

found in all areas of PNS -nerve fibers

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13
Q

where are microglia located

A

throughout the brain and spinal cord (CNS)

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14
Q

where are ependymal cells located

A

CSF-filled ventricles in the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord.

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15
Q

where are satellite cells located

A

ganglia of the peripheral nervous system

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16
Q

what is the structure of a multipolar neuron

A

type of neuron that possesses a single axon and many dendrites

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17
Q

what factors contribute to the membrane potential of a cell?

A

1) the concentration of ions on the inside and outside of the cell;
2) the permeability of the cell membrane to those ions (i.e., ion conductance) through specific ion channels; and 3) by the activity of electrogenic pumps (e.g., Na+/K+-ATPase and …

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18
Q

what is an action potential?

A

when the membrane potential of a specific cell location rapidly rises and falls hen different ions cross the neuron membrane. A stimulus first causes sodium channels to open. Because there are many more sodium ions on the outside, and the inside of the neuron is negative relative to the outside, sodium ions rush into the neuron.

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19
Q

what ion is moving during depolarization?

A

sodium ions inward of cell

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20
Q

what ions move during repolarization?

A

positively charged K plus ions out of cells

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21
Q

what is the benefit of myelination?

A

enables nerve cells to transmit info faster and allow for more complex brain processes

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22
Q

describe the structure of a synapse

A

) the presynaptic membrane which is formed by the terminal button of an axon, 2) the postsynaptic membrane which is composed of a segment of dendrite or cell body, and 3) the space between these two structures which is called the synaptic cleft

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23
Q

how is singal transmitted from pre to post synaptic neuron

A

an action potential triggers the presynaptic neuron to release neurotransmitters. These molecules bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell and make it more or less likely to fire an action potential.

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24
Q

what is a reflex

A

action performed in response to stimulus w/o conscious thought

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25
Q

what are the five elements of a reflex

A

receptors, sensory neurons, interneurons, motor neurons and muscles

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26
Q

what are three structures of the brain stem

A

medulla, pons, and the midbrain

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27
Q

what is role of medulla

A

regulate breathing, heart and blood vessel function, digestion, sneezing, and swallowing. T

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28
Q

what is role of pons

A

signals from the forebrain to the cerebellum, along with nuclei that deal primarily with sleep, respiration, swallowing, bladder control, hearing, equilibrium, taste, eye movement, facial expressions, facial sensation, and posture

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29
Q

what is role of midbrain

A

Midbrain, also called mesencephalon, region of the developing vertebrate brain that is composed of the tectum and tegmentum. The midbrain serves important functions in motor movement, particularly movements of the eye, and in auditory and visual processing.

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30
Q

what is function of corpus callosum

A

the part of the mind that allows communication between the two hemispheres of the brain. It is responsible for transmitting neural messages between both the right and left hemisphere

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31
Q

list the three meningeal layers from superficial to deep

A

dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater

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32
Q

where is subarachnoid space found and what is found in that space?

A

exists between the arachnoid and the pia mater, which is filled with cerebrospinal fluid, and continues down the spinal cord

33
Q

where is epidural space found

A

area between dura mater and vertebral wall

34
Q

what makes/forms the CSF

A

ependymal cells in choroid plexuses of ventricles

35
Q

what is function of blood brain barrier

A

Protects the brain from “foreign substances” in the blood that may injure the brain. Protects the brain from hormones and neurotransmitters in the rest of the body. Maintains a constant environment for the brain

36
Q

describe structure of spinal cord

A

The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular structure made up of nervous tissue, which extends from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. It encloses the central canal of the spinal cord, which contains cerebrospinal fluid

37
Q

how many spinal nerves are there

A

31 pairs of spinal nerves

38
Q

at what level of the vertebral column does the spinal cord end

A

L1–L2 Lumbar 1 and Lumbar 2

39
Q

posterior/ dorsal carries what? anterior or ventral carries what?

A

The dorsal roots carry afferent sensory axons, while the ventral roots carry efferent motor axons.

40
Q

what is a mixed nerve

A

contains both afferent and efferent nerves and transmits sensory and motor neurons

41
Q

what type of information is carried in an ascending tract?

A

he main role of the ascending tracts of the spinal cord is to transmit somatosensory information

42
Q

what type of information is carried in a descending tract?

A

The descending tracts are the pathways by which motor signals are sent from the brain to lower motor neurones. The lower motor neurones then directly innervate muscles to produce movement.

43
Q

what is referred pain?

A

pain perceived at location other than site of stimulus or origin

44
Q

what are the two divisions of autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

45
Q

describe the functions of the sympathetic NS

A

prepares for exercise, trauma, arousal, competition, increases heart rate, bp, air flow, blood glucose levels

46
Q

describe the functions of the parasympathetic NS

A

digestion/waste, resting/digesting state, calms body functions, reducing energy

47
Q

where is the conjunctiva located

A

the clear, thin membrane that covers part of the front surface of the eye and the inner surface of the eyelid

48
Q

what structures are part of the lacrimal apparatus?

A

lacrimal gland, lacrimal canaliculi, lacrimal sac, nasolacrimal duct.

49
Q

what are the three layers of the eye?

A

the eye is made up of three layers: the outer layer called the fibrous tunic, which consists of the sclera and the cornea; the middle layer responsible for nourishment, called the vascular tunic, which consists of the iris, the choroid, and the ciliary body; and the inner layer of photoreceptors and neurons called the nervous tunic, which consists of the retina

50
Q

function of cornea?

A

acts as a lens. It bends or refracts light.

51
Q

function of the pupil? iris =color around eye

A

let light pass through

52
Q

function of lens?

A

allow eye to focus on near or far items

53
Q

where is vitreous humor?

A

in main portion of eye

54
Q

where is aqueous humor?

A

beneath cornea helps shape it

55
Q

what is function of rods and cones?

A

rods are night vision, cones are for color

56
Q

what happens at optic disc?

A

optic disc or optic nerve head is the point of exit for ganglion cell axons leaving the eye.-BLIND SPOT

57
Q

what happens at fovea centralis?

A

sharp central vision

58
Q

what is a visual field?

A

entire range of sight including peripheral vision when eye is directed forward

59
Q

what are the structures in the visual neural pathway?

A

retina, optic nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), optic radiations, and striate cortex

60
Q

what are three bones of inner ear

A

malleus, incus, stapes

61
Q

what inner ear bone connects to the tympanic membrane?

A

malleus

62
Q

what is function of auditory tube?

A

Auditory tube: The tube that runs from the middle ear to the pharynx, also known as the Eustachian tube. The function of this tube is to protect, aerate and drain the middle ear

63
Q

where are olfactory receptors located?

A

cilia and synapses in high nasal cavity- olfactory epithelium

64
Q

what type of receptors are used for taste and smell

A

chemoreceptors

65
Q

list main taste sensations

A

sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami

66
Q

how does basilar membrane allow us to hear sounds with different pitches?

A

THE FREQUENCY IS DIFFERENTIATED BY THE LENGTH AND TENSION OF THE BASILAR MEMBRANE FIBERS. HIGH PITCH SOUNDS MAKE IT CLOSE TO OVAL WINDOW, LOW PITCH ARE FURTHER UP BASILAR MEMBRANE NEAR APEX OF COCHLEA. IT DEPENDS ALOT ON THE STRENGTH OF THE VIBRATION OF THE FLUID STIMULATING THE HAIR CELLS.

67
Q

what is structure of taste buds

A

contain the taste receptor cells, which are also known as gustatory cells. The taste receptors are located around the small structures known as papillae found on the upper surface of the tongue, soft palate, upper esophagus, the cheek, and epiglottis.

68
Q

what region of inner ear associated with STATIC equilibrium?

A

vestibule

69
Q

what region of outer ear associated with DYNAMIC equilibrium?

A

semicircular canals

70
Q

structure of inner ear

A 
cochlea, which is involved in hearing, 
 vestibular system (consisting of the 3 semicircular canals, saccule and utricle), which is responsible for maintaining balance.
71
Q

what is difference between endocrine gland and exocrine gland

A

an endocrine gland secretes its products, for example hormones, directly into the blood. … An exocrine gland secretes its products for example enzymes, into ducts that lead to the target tissue.

72
Q

what are the three ways to stimulate hormone secretion/

A

: humoral stimuli, hormonal stimuli, and neural stimuli.

73
Q

what is humoral stimuli

A

blood

74
Q

what is hormonal stimuli

A

Calcitonin, PTH. hormones

75
Q

what is neural stimuli

A

nerves

76
Q

describe how calcitonin and parathyroid hormone regulate blood calcium

A

Calcitonin slows down the activity of the osteoclasts found in bone. This decreases blood calcium levels. When calcium levels decrease, this stimulates the parathyroid gland to release parathyroid hormone

77
Q

describe how insulin and glucagon work together to regulate blood glucose levels

A

these are released from pancreas-

Insulin helps the cells absorb glucose, reducing blood sugar and providing the cells with glucose for energy.

When blood sugar levels are too low, the pancreas releases glucagon. Glucagon instructs the liver to release stored glucose, which causes blood sugar to rise.

78
Q

what are the effectors of a somatic reflex

A

somatic=skeletal muscle

79
Q

what are the effectors of a autonomic reflex

A

smooth or cardiac muscle

Biology 110 (1 decks)

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