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Biology IGCSE > Biology 1.1 - 2.2 > Flashcards

Biology 1.1 - 2.2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Movement

A

an action by an organism or part of an organism causing a change of position or place

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2
Q

Respiration

A

the chemical reactions in cells that break down nutrient molecules and release energy for metabolism

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3
Q

Sensitivity

A

the ability to detect and respond to changes in the internal or external environment

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4
Q

Growth

A

a permanent increase in size and dry mass

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5
Q

Reproduction

A

the processes that make more of the same kind of organism

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6
Q

Excretion

A

the removal of the waste products of metabolism and substances in excess of requirements

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7
Q

Nutrition

A

as the taking in of materials for energy, growth and development

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8
Q

All cells have

A

Ribosomes for making proteins and Enzymes for respiration

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9
Q

What is classification?

A

The grouping of information or objects based on similarities

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10
Q

Why classify organisms?

A

to represent relationships among organisms

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11
Q

Taxonomic ranks

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

A

Animalia

Chordata

Mammalia

Carnivore

Felidae

Panthera

Pardus

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12
Q

Change in Taxonomic Ranks

A
  • From species to kingdom, decrease in similarity but increase in numbers
  • From kingdom to species, increase in similarity but decrease in numbers
  • As one goes from the kingdom to the species (downward), the increase in the similarity between organisms occurs
  • There are fewer numbers of different kinds of organisms
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13
Q

Binomial System

A

A system that gives organisms a 2 word name showing the genus and species

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14
Q

Define same species

A

Organisms that are able to produce fertile offspring and do not normally interbreed with other groups of organisms.

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15
Q

How DNA helps with classifications

A
  • MORPHOLOGY - overall form and shape of the body, e.g. legs, wings etc…
  • ANATOMY - detailed body structure using dissection
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16
Q

DNA

A
  • Deoxyribose nucleic acid
  • DNA is made of 2 strands that have been twisted together
  • It is genetic material that has been passed on from one generation to another.
  • It looks like a ladder that has been twisted
  • The rungs of the ladder are called bases and they form pairs
  • A forms a bond with T
  • C forms a bond with G
  • The bases can be arranged in any order
  • If you compare the base sequences in the DNA of organisms of two different species, the more similar the base sequences, the more closely related the species are presumed to be related to one another
  • Evolutionists claim that they have a more common ancestor than species that have less similar base sequences.
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17
Q

Plants Kingdom

A

Use light energy to produce food during photosynthesis; cells have a cell wall made from cellulose. E.g. Roses, oak, trees, wheat. Flowering and non-flowering plants

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18
Q

Animals Kingdom

A

Feed on other organisms; multicellular, which means their bodies are made up of lots of different cells; no cell walls. E.g. Slug, ladybirds, lions. Jellyfish, worms, arthropods, mollusks, echinoderms, amphibians, fish, reptiles, birds and mammals

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19
Q

Fungi Kingdom

A

Make spores instead of seeds when they reproduce; cells have a cell wall made from chitin. E.g. Yeasts, mushrooms, molds

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20
Q

Protoctista Kingdom

A

Most made up of just one cell. E.g. Algae, euglena, amoeba

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21
Q

Prokaryotes Kingdom

A

Have no nucleus; have a cell wall but not made from cellulose. Single-celled organisms with no nucleus. E.g. Bacteria and primitive algae

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22
Q

Protoctists

A

Single-celled organisms with a nucleus. E.g. paramecium

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23
Q

Animals

A
  • Animals are the most complex organisms on Earth
  • They are multicellular organisms
  • They ingest food made by other living organisms
  • Their cells have a nucleus, but no cell walls or chloroplasts
  • They are divided into vertebrates (backbones) and invertebrates (no backbone)
  • Vertebrates include mammals, amphibians, reptiles, birds and fish
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24
Q

Plants

A
  • Plants have leaves, stems and roots
  • Plants contain chlorophyll, a green pigment necessary for photosynthesis, a process in which plants convert energy from sunlight into food
  • Their cell walls are made sturdy by a material called cellulose, and they are fixed in one place
  • Plants are divided into 2 groups: Flowers and fruit producing plants and those that don’t produce flowers or fruits, e.g. ferns and mosses
  • They include garden flowers, agricultural crops, grasses, shrubs, ferns, mosses and conifers
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25
Q

Animal Kingdom

Vertebrates

A
  • Birds
  • Amphibians
  • Reptiles
  • Fish
  • Mammals
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26
Q

Mammals

A

Vertebrates
Warm-blooded
Give birth to live young
Covered in hair or fur
Suckle their young
E.g. elephants, humans, bats, rodents, dolphins, dogs, whales, monkey

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27
Q

Birds

A

Vertebrates

Warm blooded

Lay eggs

Covered in feathers

Have a beak

E.g. eagles, ostrich, chicken, hawk, kiwi, sparrow, condor, puffin

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28
Q

Fish

A

Vertebrates

Cold blooded

Covered in scales

Have gills

Lay eggs

E.g. trout, skate, tuna, roach, salmon, perch, goldfish

29
Q

Reptiles

A

Vertebrates

Cold blooded

Lay eggs

Covered in dry scales

E.g. cobra, tortoise, iguana, viper, python, chameleon, crocodile, komodo dragon

30
Q

Amphbians

A

Vertebrates

Cold blooded

Have lungs and gills

Have moist skin

Llay gel covered eggs

E.g. toad, frogs, salamanders

31
Q

Invertebrates

A
  • Mollusks
  • Flatworms
  • Coelenterates
  • Roundworms
  • Segmented worms
  • Echinoderms
  • Arthropods (Crustaceans, Insects, Arachnids, Myriapods)
32
Q

Arthropods

A

Animals with joint legs but no backbone

Waterproof exoskeleton (hard exterior)

33
Q

Insects

A

2 pairs of wings

3 body parts

3 pairs of jointed legs

E.g. bee, wasp, dragonfly, locust, grasshopper, butterfly, ladybird, beetle

34
Q

Arachnids

A

Have 2 body parts

4 pairs of legs

E.g. scorpions, ticks

35
Q

Myriapods

A

Body has many segments

Each segment has jointed legs

E.g. centipedes, millipedes

36
Q

Crustaceans

A

More than 4 pairs of legs

Breathe through gills

E.g. lobster, woodlice

37
Q

4 main groups of plants

A
  • Flowering plants
  • Conifers
  • Mosses
  • Ferns
38
Q

Flowering plants

A

Have flowers

Make seeds

Have veins in leaves

Have roots of stems

Seeds are embryonic plants with its own food supply

Spores are reproductive particles with chromosomes

39
Q

Monocotyledonous plants

A

1 cotyledon

Strap like leaves

Parallel veins

Flower parts divisible by 3

E.g. kaffir lily

40
Q

Dicotyledonous plants

A

2 cotyledons

Broad leaves

Branching veins

Flower parts divisible by 4 or 5

41
Q

Cotyledon

A

Where food is stored in a seed

42
Q

Ferns

A

No flowers or cones

Make spores on bottom of leaves

43
Q

Conifers

A

Don’t have flowers

Make seeds on cones

Leaves are needle shaped

Have roots and veins

44
Q

Mosses

A

Live in shady moist places

Are very small

Don’t make seeds

Make spores

45
Q

Classification of viruses

A
  • Viruses are not classified as living things as they are not made of cells
  • Viruses are very small, approximately 100 nm across (1 nm = 1/1000000 of a mm)
  • Viruses reproduce by invading other cells

Viruses, e.g. HIV
- Very small

  • Not cells
  • Contain a strand of DNA or RNA (genetic materials)
  • Surrounded by a protein coat (capsid)
  • Only life process they show is reproduction (inside host cells)
46
Q

Virus reproduction

A
  1. Virus attaches to cell membrane
  2. Virus RNA enters cell
  3. DNA copy of the RNA is made
  4. Nucleus makes copies of the virus RNA
  5. New virus leave the cell
  6. Virus cores are made in the cytoplasm
47
Q

Fungi

A
  • Fungi are organisms that absorb nutrients from dead organisms or feces of survival
  • They do not have chlorophyll and do not photosynthesise
  • Multicellular
  • Cells contain a nucleus
  • Have cell walls but now made from cellulose (chitin)
  • They include mushrooms, molds and yeasts (to make ethanol and bread)
48
Q

Protoctista

A
  • Protoctists are mostly single-celled organisms that have a nucleus
  • They usually live in water
  • Some protoctists move around, while others stay in one place
  • Examples of protoctists include algae, paramecium and amoeba
49
Q

Prokaryotes

A
  • Bacteria are single-celled organisms that don’t have a nucleus
  • There are more forms of bacteria than any other organism on Earth
  • Some bacteria are beneficial to us, such as ones found in yogurt
  • Others can cause us to get sick, e.g. tuberculosis (TB) and cholera
50
Q

Bacteria

A
  • Bacteria are single celled organisms
  • Bacteria cells are about 1/1000th the size of animal or plant cells

Bacteria, e.g. E. coli
- Small

  • Cell wall, cell membrane and cytoplasm
  • No nucleus, DNA is a single coil
  • Some have a slime capsule
  • Some have flagella (for movement)
51
Q

Fungus

A
  • The main body of fungus is the mycelium, which is made of hyphae
  • Fungal cells have cell walls made of substances such as chitin

Fungi, e.g. Mucor
- Multicellular fungi are composed of hyphae

  • Cell walls made of cellulose or chitin
  • Do not photosynthesise
  • Some produce spores
52
Q

Specialised cells have specific functions

A
  • Ciliated cells: movement of mucus in the trachea and bronchi
  • Root hair cells: absorption
  • Palisade mesophyll cells: photosynthesis
  • Neurons: conduction of electrical impulses
  • Red blood cells: transport of oxygen
  • Sperm and egg cells (gametes): reproduction
53
Q

Cells

A
  • All organisms are made of cells
  • They are very small
  • Large organisms contain millions of cells - multicellular
  • Some are made of just one cell - unicellular (e.g. bacteria and yeast)
  • Most cells have 3 basic parts (Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Cell membrane)
  • But cells can be different shoes and sizes and also have different functions
  • This is because they are specialised
  • The shape of a cell is related to its function
  • A specialised cell is a cell that has a special shape because it has a special function
54
Q

Cell shapes

A
  • Cells are not really flat, they are usually three-dimensional
  • The 3D shape of the cell will be determined by its location in the body and the job that it does
55
Q

Nucleus

A

Stores genetic information to help make protein. Kept on chromosomes.

56
Q

Cell membrane

A

Very thin and controls what goes in and out. It is said to be semi-permeable.

57
Q

Cell wall

A

Made of cellulose which is strong and helps to support the cell. Has big spaces between the fibres so it said to be freely permeable

58
Q

Cytoplasms

A

Jelly-like substance containing many small structures called organelles. Many metabolic reactions take place here.

59
Q

Vacuoles

A

A space in a cell surrounded by a membrane. Very large in plant cells storing cell products. Animal cells have smaller ones called vesicles.

60
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Contain green coloured pigment called chlorophyll which absorbs light energy. Photosynthesis for making food occurs here, cells may contain starch grains as a result.

61
Q

Ciliated Cells

A
  • Key structure: Small hair-like structures that move in wave-like motion
  • Main function: Movement of mucus in the wind pipes (trachea and bronchi)
62
Q

Root hair cells

A
  • Key structure: Large surface area due to extension on cell
  • Main function: Absorption of water and minerals from the soil

  • Also long and thin so that it has more places to take up water from the soil
63
Q

Palisade Mesophyll cells

A
  • Key structure: Lots of chloroplasts
  • Main function: Make food by photosynthesis
64
Q

Neuron cells

A
  • Key structure: Very long and thin surrounded by insulation (myelin sheath)
  • Main function: Conducts (electrical) nerve impulses
65
Q

Red blood cells

A
  • Key structure: Biconcave disc with no nucleus
  • Main function: Maximum surface area for transport of oxygen

  • Transports oxygen
  • The shape helps it to have more room to carry oxygen. It also has no nucleus
66
Q

Sperm cells

A
  • Key structure: Tail and streamlined body
  • Main function: To swim towards an egg

  • Fertilises the egg cell
67
Q

Egg cells

A
  • Key structure: Large size with lots of cytoplasm
  • Main function: Large food store for growing baby

  • Fertilisation occurs when the sperm fuses with it
  • Contains a large food store
68
Q

Nerve cell

A
  • Carries electrical signals to and from the brain
  • Very long and thin

Biology IGCSE (1 decks)

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