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Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Functional unit of the Kidney

A

Nephron

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2
Q

First step of cellular respiration that splits glucose

A

Glycolysis

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3
Q

Disease caused by lack of collagen that results in overly flexible joints

A

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome

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4
Q

Form of endocytosis when cells in the immune system completely engulf organisms. Lysosomes break the rest down. Macrophages

A

Phagocytosis

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5
Q

Programmed cell death which is initatied by the BAX and BAD proteins

A

Apoptosis

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6
Q

mRNA codons match up with a tRNA molecule to create a polypeptide

A

Translation

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7
Q

Waxy outer layer of plants that protects against viruses

A

Cuticle

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8
Q

Wright-Fisher model models this phenomenon by solving the Markov chain

A

Genetic Drift

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9
Q

Deletion of CTT nucleotides leads to this disease

A

Cystic Fibrosis

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10
Q

Animals that have a uropygial gland that gives off oil

A

Birds

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11
Q

Unlike Hemoglobin, this element does not bind with oxygen, so it does not have a binding curve

A

Myoglobin

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12
Q

Plot that calculates the number of angles in each protein monomer

A

Ramachandran plot

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13
Q

Some have a skeletal structure made up of spicules

A

Porifira

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14
Q

Male organ of the plant

A

Stamen

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15
Q

Lipids that form the bilayer of the cell membrane

A

Phospholipids

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16
Q

Uncontrolled cell death like gangrene

A

Necrosis

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17
Q

Doctor who discovered that cancer cells relied on glycolysis

A

Warburg

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18
Q

Organisms that only grow without oxygen

A

Obligate

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19
Q

Technique that uses synthetic primers to match DNA bits

A

PCR

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20
Q

Organelle that is connected to the nuclear envelope

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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21
Q

Methionine is produced by the “start” ones, TAA, TAG, and TGA for DNA

A

Codon

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22
Q

means “little brain”, back of brain, balance

A

cerebellum

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23
Q

Climbing fibers in this area of the brain, controls heart rate

A

Medulla

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24
Q

Extra lobe called Lalouette’s pyramid, Hashimoto and Graves disease

A

Thyroid gland

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25
Q

Component in Ringer’s solution and Hartmann’s solution, takes part in gluconeogenesis

A

Lactic Acid

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26
Q

Miller–Fisher syndrome takes place here

A

Cerebellum

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27
Q

“Jumping genes” ac’ds system in Maize

A

Transposons

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28
Q

Polymer in mollusks that makes up the exoskeleton, strengthened with Sclerotin

A

Chitin

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29
Q

When cells link around their cytoplasm not their nuclei, seen in Fungi

A

Plasmogamy

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30
Q

Flux around it determined with the GHK (or Goldman) equation

A

Cell Membrane

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31
Q

Process of “Knocking down” a gene, initiated by the enzyme dicer

A

RNA interference

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32
Q

TIM/TOM complex in this organelle, Leber Neuropathy causes vision loss from here

A

Mitochondrion

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33
Q

Sangar method to do this, which in another technique measures the amount of pyrophosphate

A

DNA Sequencing

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34
Q

Proteins lose their 3D structure in this first step of the PCR

A

Denaturation

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35
Q

Circular pieces of DNA in Bacteria, contain the green fluorescent protein

A

Plasmids

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36
Q

Organelles that break H2O2 apart, contains catalase. A non-functional one gives Zellweger syndrome

A

Peroxisomes

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37
Q

They begin as Reticulocytes, but are broken down in the spleen when they have a glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency

A

Red Blood Cells

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38
Q

Interaction between Hemoglobin and Carbon Dioxide

A

Haldane effect

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39
Q

Interaction between Hemoglobin and Oxygen leading to a low pH

A

Bohr effect

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40
Q

Sister chromatids are moved to opposite points in the cell

A

Anaphase

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41
Q

Making an antibody bind to a particular protein, Chip procedure often used

A

Immunoprecipitation

42
Q

Problems with it cause Say-Meyer syndrome, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and Fabry disease

A

X chromosome

43
Q

This organ has a “Loop of Henle”, and it is effected by Nutcracker Syndrome and the Wilms Tumor

44
Q

Protein that slides along myosin filaments during muscle contraction

45
Q

Brefeldin A blocks ADP-ribosylation factors in it, CDGs are disorders in it

46
Q

Cords of Billroth and Islets of Langerhans in this organ

47
Q

Subphylum of spiders and scorpions

A

Chelicerata

48
Q

Results when T-cells are exhausted

49
Q

Phylum whose animals have Aristotle’s lantern, Crinoida is a smaller group

A

Echinodermata

50
Q

Started the Great Oxygenation event, all have carboxysomes to limit photorespiration

A

Cyanobacteria

51
Q

Cystic fibrosis increases tolerance to this disease

52
Q

Dorothy Hodgkin discovered its structure using X-Rays

A

Vitamin B12

53
Q

Buildup of Gangliosides leads to to Tay-Sachs disease, caused by this organelle

54
Q

Muscles that control the flow of substances through the body

55
Q

Combination of serine proteases and acid that leaves the stomach

56
Q

Composed of peptido-glycan in bacteria, Piperacillin targets it

57
Q

Primates can’t synthesize it, cofactor in creation of collagen

58
Q

Model used to conceptualize cell membranes

A

Fluid Mosaic

59
Q

Thickness in bacteria determined by the amount of crystal violet in the Gram Stain Method

60
Q

Protein that moves other proteins from ER to Golgi

61
Q

ABC Model of how they develop

62
Q

Amino Acid that is synthesized to make Sertonin, symbolized W

A

Tryptophan

63
Q

First stage of Mitosis, Nuclear membrane disappears

64
Q

Cajal bodies and lamins in this structure

65
Q

Technique of detecting proteins before gel electrophoresis

A

Western Blot

66
Q

Separated into the neurohypophysis and the adenohypophysis, childbirth and breastfeeding

A

Pituitary Gland

67
Q

Secretes zymogens through the ampulla of Vater, acinar cells are in its Exocrine Gland

68
Q

Sequences at the ends of chromosomes

69
Q

Neuron to Neuron signaling through Axons, studied in Squids

A

Action Potential

70
Q

Obeys Murray’s law, transports water through the plant

71
Q

Bridge between the nervous and endocrine systems, part of the brain stem

A

Hypothalamus

72
Q

Process of synthesizing amino acids

A

Strecker synthesis

73
Q

Most abundant protein on earth that is synthesized by the Calvin cycle

74
Q

Photosynthesis mostly occurs on this layer

75
Q

Pores on the leaf that take in Carbon dioxide

76
Q

Technique of cloning DNA, Taq enzymes and “master mix” with magnesium chloride used

77
Q

Fumarate builds up in this process, also called Citric acid cycle

A

Krebs cycle

78
Q

Hormone that closes the Stomata to conserve water

A

Abscisic acid

79
Q

Force that pushes the cell membrane against the cell wall

A

Turgor pressure

80
Q

Plant hormone that elongates cells, regulates apical dominance

81
Q

Lactate is converted into glucose and transported to Liver

A

Cori Cycle

82
Q

Process that removes a phosphate group called 3PGA

A

Calvin Cycle

83
Q

Produces urine in the Kidney

A

Loop of Henle

84
Q

Clotting in it leads to Budd-Chiari syndrome

85
Q

Namesake “Adaptation index”, methionine is the start in eukaryotes

86
Q

Hypothesis that says that species must forever be evolving, proposed by Leigh Van Valen

A

Red Queen hypothesis

87
Q

Phylum of segmented worms

88
Q

Means “false foot”, amoeba movement

A

Pseudopods

89
Q

Legionnaires disease is a form of it

90
Q

Keloid type of it forms tumors, “stretch marks” burning pregnancy”

A

Scar Tissue

91
Q

Helps in cell division, 9+3 structure

92
Q

Help the cell move in a whiplike motion, 9+0 structure

93
Q

Destroying Angel type, Bioluminescence is called Fox Fire

94
Q

A shmoo forms as they mate, ethanol happens via fermentation

95
Q

3 Carbon compound created in the last step of Glycolysis

96
Q

NADH is oxidised into NAD+

A

Fermentation

97
Q

Northern blot detects how much there is

98
Q

Thermogenin is contained in the brown fat variety

A

Mitochandria

99
Q

Formation of larger ones is called Macrocytosis

A

Red Blood Cells

100
Q

Site of O-linked glycosylation, cisternae recieves products from ER

A

Golgi Bodies

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