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Veterinary Technician > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Nucleotides

A

Four monomers that make up RNA and DNA

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2
Q

Polymers

A

The result of monomers being linked together through polymerization

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3
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Macromolecules that are a source of energy and structure for many organisms

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4
Q

Lipid

A

Macromolecules used by the body to store energy & form membranes and barriers around cell

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5
Q

Nucleic acid

A

Macromolecules made of oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon and phosphorus

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6
Q

Protein

A

Macromolecules responsible for controlling many cell processes and serving as an enzyme within chemical reactions

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7
Q

Photosynthesis

A

The process of using light to make sugar from carbon dioxide and water

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8
Q

Biopolymer

A

Natural polymer produced by living organisms

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9
Q

Glycogen

A

Stores Energy I. The muscles and liver of humans and animals

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10
Q

Starches

A

Soluble helical sugar structures produced by plants and used to store energy

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11
Q

Cellulose

A

Dietary fiber; plants use it for rigid structures, particularly stems

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12
Q

Complex lipids

A

Molecules that can be broken down into smaller constituents, usually long chains of carbons

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13
Q

Simple lipids

A

Complex organic molecules that can’t be broken down easily (ex. Steroids)

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14
Q

Triol

A

Carbon chain with three alcohol groups (-OH groups)

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15
Q

Unsaturated fat

A

Long chain hydrocarbon with at least one double bond

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16
Q

Phospholipids

A

Long chain hydrocarbon held together by a phosphate group

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17
Q

Proteins size

A

Extremely large polypeptides with molecular masses between 5,000 and 40,000,000 g/mol

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18
Q

Amino acid

A

A molecule that has an NH(2) group and a carboxylic group on a single carbon

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19
Q

Polypeptides

A

Many amino acids bonded together by an amine bond

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20
Q

Cellular theory

A

Defining principles that describe characteristics of cell

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21
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

Membrane bound nucleus, organelles, and multiple rod chromosomes

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22
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Micro molecules made of fats and proteins form external boundary

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23
Q

Organelle

A

Specialized cell structures with specific functions

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24
Q

Nucleoid

A

Part of nucleus with prokaryotes containing most of the genetic material

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25
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

Made of sugars and proteins to form cell wall for many bacteria

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26
Q

Bacteria

A

One of the 6 kingdoms of life; prokaryotes only

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27
Q

Pilus

A

Hair like structures on surface of bacterial cells

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28
Q

Flagellum

A

Microscopic appendage that enables movement on bacteria

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29
Q

Capsule

A

Sugar layer part of bacterial cell membrane

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30
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Fills cell and holds all material in place

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31
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Adds extra protection layer to nucleus

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32
Q

Nucleolus

A

Produces ribosomes

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33
Q

Ribosomes

A

Involved in DNA translation and protein production

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34
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Works with ribosomes to produce proteins

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35
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Manufactures lipids or fats; detox function

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36
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Finishes production of early-stage proteins and lipids produced by the endoplasmic reticulum

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37
Q

Lysosomes

A

Filled with enzymes capable of breaking down proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, and old organelles

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38
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Breaks down lipids and fats

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39
Q

Vacuoles

A

Place for animal cells to store molecules before they’re released from the cell and when brought into the cell

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40
Q

Amyloplasts

A

Plant cells only; store and synthesize starch

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41
Q

Cytosol

A

Jelly-like fluid that fills the cytoplasm

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42
Q

Nucleoplasm

A

Semi soft fluid that contains nucleolus sand chromatin

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43
Q

Cisternae

A

Sacs and tubules in endoplasmic reticulum

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44
Q

Lumen

A

Internal part of Cisternae

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45
Q

Cis

A

Receiving opening of Golgi apparatus

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46
Q

Trans

A

Where proteins leave the Golgi apparatus

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47
Q

Cristae

A

Folds in the inner membrane of the mitochondria

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48
Q

Mitochondrial matrix

A

Outer membrane surrounding mitochondria

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49
Q

Interphase

A

Mitosis; Cell isn’t dividing but May be growing and replicating DNA

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50
Q

Prophase

A

Mitosis; No nuclear envelope and prepares to divide by tightly condensing chromosomes, and the chromosomes pair up

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51
Q

Metaphase

A

Mitosis; Cell begins to elongate and chromosomes line up along the center of the cell

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52
Q

Anaphase

A

Mitosis; Cell Continues to elongate, chromosomes are pulled apart

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53
Q

Telophase

A

Mitosis; Cell develops a nuclear envelope and begins to pinch in the middle

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54
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Division of the cell’s cytoplasm to form two daughter cells

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55
Q

Meiosis 1

A

Halving number of chromosomes in parent cells

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56
Q

Meiosis 2

A

Generates 2 more haploid daughter cells from the duplicated sister chromatids present in meiosis 1

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57
Q

G1 checkpoint

A

Is cell capable of dividing? Size, DNA integrity, nutrient level, molecular signaling

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58
Q

G2 checkpoint

A

Ensures no DNA is damaged during interphase. Apoptosis will occur

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59
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death

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60
Q

M checkpoint (spindle)

A

If the spindle fibers are properly attached to the sister chromatids

61
Q

Cyclins

A

Proteins with constantly changing concentrations, several types associated with different phases/checkpoints

62
Q

Genetics

A

Study of heredity

63
Q

Genes

A

Stretches of DNA specific for a characteristic ie. eye color

64
Q

Alleles

A

Specific area of a gene that code for a specific characteristics trait ie. blue or brown etc

65
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

Father of modern genetics; pea plants experiments

66
Q

Hybridization

A

Crossing of two genetically different organisms to make a third organism

67
Q

Genome

A

All genes of entire human being, mapped out in 90’s

68
Q

Character

A

Feature inherited from individuals

69
Q

Trait

A

A feature inherited that’s actually exhibited

70
Q

Mendelian inheritance

A

Dictate how genetic information is passed from parents to offspring through generations

71
Q

Breeding

A

Mating and production of offspring of living organisms such as plants and animals

72
Q

True breeding

A

In plants, offspring have exhibited same traits over many generations

73
Q

Cross breeding

A

Specific type in different species/varieties are mated with each other to produce hybrid

74
Q

Pollination

A

Transfer of pollen from male to female part of plant

75
Q

P generation

A

True bred parent plants

76
Q

F1 Generation

A

1st generation of hybrid offspring, identifies dominant gene

77
Q

F2 Generation

A

Starts to show effects of hybridization, mix of traits

78
Q

Phenotype

A

Set of observable characteristics (dominant/recessive)

79
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic composition

80
Q

Homozygous

A

2 copies of the same allele

81
Q

Heterozygous

A

Dominant and recessive gene

82
Q

Law of segregation

A

Every organism acquires 2 alleles for each trait, 1 from each parent

83
Q

Law of independent assortment

A

Seperation of alleles for a given gene occurs independently to that of any other gene

84
Q

Law of dominance

A

Offspring inherits one gene encoding a version of a given characteristic from its father and other from its mother

85
Q

Punnett square

A

Way to determine probabilities of offspring exhibiting certain characteristics

86
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

One phenotype doesn’t prevail over the other, phenotypes are mixed ex red snapdragon + white = pink

87
Q

Codominance

A

Both dominant and recessive traits express together ex. A blood + B blood = AB blood

88
Q

Sickle cell anemia

A

Disease caused by genetic mutation in hemoglobin protein. Clump together causing a half moon shape

89
Q

Chromosome theory of inheritance

A

Genetic material passed down is in chromosomes; Walter Sutton and Theodore Boveri

90
Q

3 components of nucleotide

A

Phosphate group, a sugar (oxy/deoxy), and a base (c,g,a,u/t)

91
Q

Replication

A

The process by which DNA is copied to form dna for new cells

92
Q

Mutation

A

DNA sequence with altered nucleotides

93
Q

Gene expression

A

Tightly controlled process by which information stored in DNA is converted into instructions for making proteins

94
Q

Central dogma

A

Framework of how to understand two-step process of gene expression (transcription and translation)

95
Q

Transcription

A

Form a molecule called RNA, guanine, adenine, cytosine, uracil

96
Q

Translation

A

Using transcribed RNA sequence to create proteins

97
Q

Codon

A

3-letter DNA or RNA sequence that contains information

98
Q

DNA

A

Chemical compound that resembles a long chain with links made of individual units called nucleotides

99
Q

RNA

A

Made of nucleotides

100
Q

RNA essential functions

A

Convert genetic code from DNA to proteins; regulate process of gene expression; facilitate biological reactions; senses and communicate response to cellular signals; exists as gen. Material found in some viruses

101
Q

mRNA

A

Carries info from dna to the ribosome to enable protein synthesis

102
Q

tRNA(transfer)

A

Gather appropriate amino acid from cytoplasm and deliver to ribosome and 3 letter code comes up

103
Q

rRNA (ribosomal)

A

Interacts with set of proteins to form ribosomes

104
Q

Cell proliferation

A

Process of growth and division of cells that produce many cells from original cells

105
Q

Differentiation

A

Process cells undergo to develop features that enable them to fulfill specific roles

106
Q

Direct contact

A

Cell interaction; cells next to each other, small channels between sallow small molecules to diffuse from one cell to another

107
Q

Paracrine signaling

A

Cell interaction; produces a chemical signal by a cell and diffuses over a short distance to reach nearby cells.

108
Q

Synaptic signaling

A

cells separated by gap and neurotransmitters diffuse to send message from one cell to another

109
Q

Autocrine signaling

A

Cell signals to itself. Important in development but can play a role in cancer as well

110
Q

Endocrine signaling

A

Signaling conducted by hormones

111
Q

Cell movement

A

Important part of organismal development; wound healing and immune system responses; human brain development; cells divide and follow predetermined paths marked by extra cellular molecular gradients

112
Q

Conservative model of replication

A

Two original strands of DNA pair up again after being used as a template to form an entirely new double helix DNA molecule

113
Q

Semi conservative model

A

Parental cells separate into two strands, each a template to create complimentary strands

114
Q

Dispersive model

A

Fragments of parent strand and new dna strand present in both copies

115
Q

Enzymes

A

Proteins that can speed up reactions

116
Q

Initiation (1st role of polymerase)

A

Location is targeted for unwinding; helicases break hydrogen bonds, other proteins prevent from joining again; topoisomerases surround unzipped dna strands and relax the helices

117
Q

Termination (2nd step for polymerase)

A

RNA primers removed and replaced with DNA and ligase completes sugar-phosphate backbone. DNA is checked for mistakes during replication

118
Q

Nonsense mutation

A

Single base pair that ends translation early

119
Q

Frameshift mutation

A

Mutation inserts or deletes nucleotides from their sequence

120
Q

Non disjunction

A

Sister chromatids fail to seperate during meiosis

121
Q

Chromosome

A

Molecule of DNA contains part or all genetic material

122
Q

Karyotype

A

Organized profile of an organisms chromosomes; number, size, relative shape, appearance

123
Q

Euploid

A

Organism with appropriate number of chromosomes

124
Q

Aneuploid

A

Organism with more or less appropriate number of chromosomes

125
Q

Shotgun sequencing

A

Genomic sequencing method used to determine sequences of long dna strands by breaking into many small fragments

126
Q

Lessons from Genome Project

A

HG contains 3billion nucleotide bases; 2% are protein-coding genes; much of HG is result of genetic code from viruses; 3 million locations

127
Q

Selective breeding

A

Results in offspring with desired characteristics

128
Q

Inbreeding

A

Individuals with similar characteristics continue to be bred to keep certain sets of traits

129
Q

Transformationalism

A

Use or disuse of a body part resulting in heritable change

130
Q

Uniformitarianism

A

Basic laws of physics and chemistry don’t change over time

131
Q

Population

A

Same species living in common area; maintain by increasing death rate(positive) or decreasing birth rate (preventative)

132
Q

Global difference in species

A

Species from one part of the world look different from another part; some species limited to one part

133
Q

Local difference in species

A

Species vary across geographic area variations depending on ecological niche

134
Q

Temporal difference in species

A

Species change over time differing among members; collected fossils demonstrate this

135
Q

On the Origin of Species

A

1859; evolution occurs at level of population

136
Q

Perpetual change

A

Living world in a constant stage of flux without a fixed state; supported by fossil record

137
Q

Common descent

A

all life originated from a shared ancestor

138
Q

Multiplication of species

A

New species evolve from existing species splitting and transforming. Adds spatial dimension

139
Q

Gradualism

A

Small steady changes produce trait different over a long period of time

140
Q

Natural Selection

A

Net forces favor new adaptations that give advantage; survival of the fittest

141
Q

Ontogeny

A

Development of an individual over the course of its life

142
Q

Phylogeny

A

How a species has evolved over time

143
Q

Recapulation

A

Biogenetic law

144
Q

End Ordovician extinction

A

444 MYA; 85% species lost inc. trilobites cords and brachiopods

145
Q

End Devonian extinction

A

380-359 MYA ; 75% species lost trilobites corals and placoderms

146
Q

End Permian extinction

A

252 MYA largest in history volcanic eruptions 90% lost marine invertebrates and large number of insects

147
Q

End Triassic extinction

A

201 MYA; 80% loss many reptiles not dinos

148
Q

End Cretaceous extinction

A

65.5 MYA; asteroid in Yucatan peninsula 75% loss included dinos

Veterinary Technician (4 decks)

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