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science bio/env > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 sub units of a DNA nucleotide?

A

Deoxyribose, phosphate and nitrogen.

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2
Q

What is an allele?

A

Different forms of the same gene located at the same place on the homologous

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3
Q

What is a phenotype? Example

A

Observable characteristics carried by an individual. Height

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4
Q

What is a genotype? Example

A

Genetic information carried by an individual. Eye colour.

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5
Q

What is a diploid?

A

A cell that contains all 46 chromosomes.

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6
Q

What is a haploid? Where can it be found?

A

A haploid is a cell containing 23 chromosomes, located in gametes, sex cells.

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7
Q

What is complimentary base pairing?

A

The correct arrangement of bases in nucleotides.

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8
Q

What bases pair with each other?

A

Adenine-Thymine and Guanine-Cytosine

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9
Q

What are a males and females sex chromosomes?

A

Male: XY Female: XX

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10
Q

What are homologous chromosomes

A

Chromosomes paired from the mother and father.

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11
Q

What are the alleles of someone with sickle cell ammonia (s) recessive?

A

ss

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12
Q

What happens to someone with cystic fibrosis?

A

Mutations of the CFTR membrane.

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13
Q

What 3 things does the circulatory system include?

A

Heart, blood vessels, blood.

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14
Q

How many chambers does the heart have? List.

A

4 Chambers, left atrium, right atrium, left ventricle and right ventricle.

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15
Q

What is the function of the right side of the heart?

A

Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs so it can get oxygen.

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16
Q

What is the function of the left side of the heart?

A

Receives blood from the pulmonary artery from the lungs and pumps it to the rest of the body through the aortic valve.

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17
Q

Describe wall/lumen sizes of arteries, veins and capillary’s.

A

Arteries have thick walls but small lumen sizes, veins have thinner walls but larger sizes of lumen. Capillary’s have much smaller lumen and wall sizes as they are barely visible.

18
Q

What is the trachea? Why is it important?

A

The trachea is the windpipe which allows oxygen into the body and CO2 out of the body.

19
Q

What is a karyotype? What do they show?

A

A close up photo of chromosomes, they show the size, shape and number of chromosomes.

20
Q

What is mutation? What causes it?

A

Mutation is the change of genetic code due to the insertion of a base, deletion of a base or the alteration of base order. Mutagens cause it.

21
Q

What are the alleles/phenotype/genotype percentages of Bb mating with bb?

A

50% Black phenotype/genotype heterozygous dominant. 50% White phenotype/genotype homozygous recessive.

22
Q

What is adaptation?

A

the process of change by which an organism or species becomes better suited to its environment.

23
Q

What are the 3 types of adaptation? Example.

A
  • Behavioural adaptation- Migration and hibernation.
  • Physiological adaptation- temperature regulations and release of toxins.
  • Structural adaptation- Giraffe’s long neck and Beaver’s long teeth.
24
Q

Define each adaptation.

A

Behavioural- Things animals do to survive. Physiological- Benefits organism in it’s environment.
Structural- Physical features equipped to better enhance animals.

25
Q

What is artificial selection?

A

Human chosen breeding of animals to get the best phenotypic traits.

26
Q

What is mutation?

A

Base alteration, insertion or deletion caused by mutagens.

27
Q

What is natural selection?

A

Species that are well adapted outlast other not so well adapted species.

28
Q

What is evolution?

A

Living organisms that have developed over time into what they are today.

29
Q

What theory did Charles Darwin propose?

A

Biological evolution by natural selection.

30
Q

What is physical pollution? Examples

A

Pollution of suspended solids like plastic and rubbish.

31
Q

What is Chemical pollution? Examples

A

When chemicals from human activity enter the environment like paint or petrol.

32
Q

What is agricultural pollution? Examples

A

Past farm products, no longer of use therefore they pollute the environment like pesticides or fertiliser.

33
Q

What is Biological Pollution? Examples

A

Biological pollution is the result of human actions on the quality of the environment like wastewater and landfill.

34
Q

What does BOD stand for and what does it mean?

A

Biological oxygen demand is the level of oxygen consumed by bacteria and other microorganisms in water.

35
Q

What is DO?

A

DO- dissolved oxygen is the amount of oxygen in

water.

36
Q

What is air pollution? Examples

A

The products like CO2, O3 and NO2 entering the air, usually from tractors, cars, trucks, factories and flatulencies.

37
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Cell division resulting in two daughter cells, with same chromosomes as parent nucleus.

38
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Cell division that produces gametes.

39
Q

How many chromosomes does a human have?

A

46.

40
Q

What are the 22 of the 2 pairs of 23 called?

A

Autosomes.

41
Q

What is the 23rd pair called?

A

Gametes, sex cells.

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