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Charlie West > Biology 101 > Flashcards

Biology 101 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of ‘nucleas’?

A

Controls other cell function and contains genetic material

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2
Q

What is the function of Mitochondria?

A

It is responsible for the energy release in the cell by respiration

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3
Q

What is the function of Ribosome?

A

It is responsible for synthesising proteins - site at which synthesis occurs

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4
Q

What is the function of Chloroplasts?

A

To absorb energy from sunlight to use in PHOTOSYNTHESIS to make chemical reactions take place.

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5
Q

What is the function of Vacuole?

A

It is stored in cell sap - helps maintain the rigidity of the plant.

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6
Q

Any cell containing a nucleus is called…

A

Eukaryotic

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7
Q

Each of the structure issues a cell called an…

A

Organelle

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8
Q

RED BLOOD CELLS CHARACTERISTICS

A

Large surface area
Carry oxygen around the body
Contains Haemoglobin which bind to oxygen
No nucleus so more haemoglobin can be carried

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9
Q

WHITE BLOOD CELLS CHARARCTERISTSICS

A

Lots of ribosomes
Destroy pathogens (harmful organisms)
Engulf pathogens
Make antibodies (structures that destroy pathogens)

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10
Q

ROOT HAIR CELLS CHARACTERISTICS

A

Absorb minerals and water from soil
Large surface area to absorb lots of water & nutrients
Thin cell wall to allow water

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11
Q

NERVE CELL CHARACTERISTICS

A

Extremely elongated cells to carry nerve impulses around the body
They have many brongles at the ends to connect to other nerve cells
The long axon is covered in insulating myelin shells for the further conductions

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12
Q

CILIATED CELLS CHARACTERISTICS

A

Stop lung damage

Cilia sweeps mucus with trapped dust and bacteria to be swallowed in the throat

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13
Q

What is Diffusion?

A

Diffusion is the movement of particles from high concentration of the particles to low concentration

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14
Q

True Or False : Diffusion is a passive process - it occurs without the need for any outside influences.

A

TRUE

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15
Q

What is Osmosis?

A

Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from a high concentration of water to a low concentration of water.

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16
Q

Where does Osmosis occur?

A

Across a semi-permeable membrane.

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17
Q

What is Active transport?

A

Active Transport is the movement of particles from a low concentration to a high concentration against the concentration gradient. This requires an input of energy.

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18
Q

What is a cell called if it doesn’t contain a nucleus?

A

Prokaryote

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19
Q

What is a Tissue?

A

A group of similar cells.

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20
Q

A group of tissues make up….

A

An Organ.

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21
Q

What is a Organ System?

A

A group of organs.

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22
Q

Give one example of a tissue.

A

Blood Vessel Lining
Alveolus
Testis Tissue
Palisade Layer

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23
Q

Give one example of an organ

A

Lungs
Heart
Bone
Leaf

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24
Q

Give one example of an organ system.

A

Circulatory System
Reproductive System
Digestive System
Respiratory System

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25
Q

If I used Benedicts solution, what nutrient within food am I looking for? What colour would the end result be?

A 
Simple Sugars (Glucose)
It would be an orange (brick-red) colour
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26
Q

What ‘testing reagent’ would I use if I was looking for Fats?

A

Ethanol

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27
Q

What nutrient am I looking for if i use Biuret’s Solution?

A

Proteins

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28
Q

What ‘testing reagent’ would I use if I was looking for starch? And what colour would it turn is starch was present?

A

You use IODINE solution and the results would be a BLUE-BLACK liquid.

29
Q

Define Digestion.

A

It is the breakdown of large, insoluble molecules into small, soluble molecules.

30
Q

What organs are involved within ‘The Digestive System’?

A

Mouth, Oesophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine and Rectum.

31
Q

What is an ‘enzyme’?

A

Enzymes are biological catalysts - they speed up chemical reactions but do not get used. They are made of protein.

32
Q

Starch —————> Simple Sugars

What digestive enzymes does the arrow represent?

A

Amylase

33
Q

Protein ————-> Amino Acids

What digestive enzymes does the arrow represent?

A

Protease

34
Q

Fats (Lipids) —————> Glycerol and 3 Fatty Acids

What digestive enzymes does the arrow represent?

A

Lipase

35
Q

What is BILE?

A

Bile is a greenish - yellow liquid that is produced in the liver and stored in the gall-bladder.

36
Q

What is blood made out of in percentages?

A

Plasma - <55%
Red Blood Cells - <45%
White Blood - <1%
Platelets - <1%

37
Q

What is the shape of a ‘Red Blood Cells’? And why?

A

It is a biconcave shape to increase surface area, so it can carry more haemoglobin/oxygen.

38
Q

What is haemoglobin?

A

It is a molecule that gives blood the red pigment and oxygen binds to the haemoglobin to make OXYHAEMOGLOBIN.

39
Q

What happens when oxygen is delivered to cells?

A

It leaves the haemoglobin - this is called DEOXYHAEMOGLOBIN (dark red)

40
Q

What is the structure of a white blood cells?

A

White Blood Cells have a nucleus and it is larger than a red blood cell.

41
Q

Purpose of platelets?

A

They produce sticky proteins on it’s surface and signalling clotting.

42
Q

What is the function of plasma?

A

It transports everything you need and waste products around your body.

43
Q

True or False? Arteries travel away from the heart.

A

True. Arteries travel away and Veins travels into the heart, and the capillaries connect the two together.

44
Q

Characteristics of veins

A

Thin walls
Wide lumen
Layers

45
Q

Characteristics of capillaries.

A

One cell thick wall which causes quicker diffusion

46
Q

Characteristics of arteries

A

Narrow lumen

thick elastic + muscular walls

47
Q

What passage carries blood from the lungs to the left atrium?

A

The Pulmonary Vein

48
Q

What passage carries blood from the Left ventricle to the rest of the body?

A

Aorta

49
Q

What passage carries deoxygenated blood from the body to the right atrium?

A

Vena Cava

50
Q

What passage carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs?

A

Pulmonary Artery

51
Q

What is a communicable disease?

A

A disease that can be passed from one person to another

52
Q

What is non-communicable disease?

A

A disease that can be passed from one person to another

53
Q

Give one factor that influences your health.

A

Stress, Drugs, Smoking, Alcohol, Mental health, Sleep, Eating and a healthy diet.

54
Q

Define a Benign Tumour

A

A tumour that’s cells aren’t cancerous and won’t spread within the body.

55
Q

Define a malignant tumour.`

A

A tumour who’s cells ARE cancerous and will spread to other tissue and organs.

56
Q

What is the effect of alcohol on the body?

A

Alcohol is poisonous - it needs to be removed by the liver. Alcohol is absorbed and travel via the blood around. It makes you reflexes slower.

57
Q

What is alcohols effect on pregnancy?

A

Alcohol will pass across the placenta to baby. This may lead to:
Miscarriage
Low birth weight
Premature Births

58
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A microbe that cause disease, examples include - bacteria, viruses, fungi and protists.

59
Q

What does bacteria do to the cells?

A

Bacteria may produce toxins that affect your body and make you feel ill. They also directly damage the cells.

60
Q

What do viruses do to the cell?

A

They are much smaller. They take over the cells within our body. They live and reproduce within cells, damage and destroy them.

61
Q

Give one example on how pathogens spread?

A

Sex, Animals, Food, Touch, Through the air and water.

62
Q

Why do scientists test on healthy human beings first?

A

To test the safety of the medicine.

63
Q

What must scientists test for during the process of developing new drug?

A

The safety
The efficiency
The dosage
The side effects

64
Q

How do we prevent viruses?

A

With Vaccinations

65
Q

What is the aerobic respiration word equation?

A

Oxygen + Glucose —> Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy

66
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

All living things respire to release energy

67
Q

What is the anaerobic respiration word equation?

A

Glucose —-> Lactic Acid + Energy

68
Q

What is oxygen debt?

A

Lactic acid needs to be broken down into CO2 and H2O so it can be removed from the body - this requires O2. The more lactic acid, means more oxygen debt to get rid of it.

Charlie West (2 decks)

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