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Biology 1009 Final Exam > Biology 1009 Final Exam Study guide questions > Flashcards

Biology 1009 Final Exam Study guide questions Flashcards

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1
Q

describes a change in 1 or more heritable characteristics of a population from 1 generation to the next.

A

Biological evolution

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2
Q

a group of related organisms that share a distinctive form.

A

Species

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3
Q

diversity in gene frequencies

A

gene variation

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4
Q

Genetic variation can refer to….

A

differences between individuals or to differences between populations.

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5
Q

the ultimate source of genetic variation, but mechanisms such as sexual reproduction and genetic drift contribute to it as well.

A

Mutation

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6
Q

Sources of genetic variations…

A

random gene mutations, duplications, and horizontal gene transfer

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7
Q

individuals with heritable traits that make them better suited to their native environment tend to flourish and reproduce.

A

Natural selection

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8
Q

Sources of natural selection

A

genetic drift, migration, and nonrandom mating may alter allele and genotype frequencies and cause a population to evolve.

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9
Q

Genetic composition and characteristics may change as a result of…

A

natural selection

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10
Q

Certain traits that factor reproductive success become….

A

more prevalent in a population over time.

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11
Q

Observations of evolutionary change:

A

Fossil record, biogeography, convergent evolution, analogous structures, selective breeding, homologies, vestigal structures

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12
Q

provide evidence of evolutionary change in a series of related organisms.

A

fossil record

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13
Q

study of the geographic distribution of extinct and living species.

A

Biogeography

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14
Q

2 species from different lineages have independently evolved similar characteristics because they occupy similar environments.

A

convergent evolution

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15
Q

characteristics have been arisen independently, 2 or more times, because different species have occupied similar types of environments on Earth.

A

Analogous structures/convergent traits

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16
Q

Programs and procedures designed to modify traits in domesticated species.

A

selective breeding- (artificial selection)

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17
Q

Underlying cause of phenotypic variation is typically due to different alleles.

A

selective breeding- (artificial selection)

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18
Q

similarity that occurs due to descent from a common ancestor.

A

Homologies

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19
Q

such as the set of bones in the forelimbs of vertebrates.

A

Homologous structures

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20
Q

structures that were functional in the past but no longer have a useful function in modern species)

A

Vestigial structures

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21
Q

When can homologies be seen

A

during embryonic development and at the molecular development.

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22
Q

a group of individuals of the same species that occupy the same environment and organisms can interbreed with one another.

A

Population

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23
Q

Population may change in…

A

size and geographic location from generation to generation.

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24
Q

As size and location of a population change, so does its …

A

genetic composition.

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25
Q

all of the alleles for every gene in a given population make up.

A

Gene pool

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26
Q

Allele frequency:

A

of copies of a specific allele / the total number of all alleles for that gene in a population

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27
Q

Genotype frequency

A

of individuals with a given genotype / total number of individuals in a population

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28
Q

2 gametes combine randomly with each other to produce offspring; predicts that allele and genotype frequencies will remain the same, provided that a population is in equilibrium.

A

Hardy Weinberg equation

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29
Q

To be in equilibrium in the hardy equation…

A

the population must not be affected by evolutionary mechanisms that can change allele and genotype frequencies. (no natural selection, mutations, migration, has large population and random mating)

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30
Q

Hardy equation listed

A

p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1

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31
Q

relative likelihood that 1 genotype will contribute to take the gene pool of the next generation compared with other genotypes.

A

Fitness

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32
Q

what is a measure of reproductive success

A

Fitness

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33
Q

A. 1 extreme of a phenotypic distribution is favored.
B. 2 or more phenotypes are favored. (population occupies a diverse environment)
C.maintains balanced polymorphism in a population. (Examples of the ways in which balancing selection occurs include heterozygote advantage and negative frequency dependent selection)
D. An intermediate phenotype is favored (highest fitness)

A

A. Directional selection
B. Disruptive selection
C. Balancing selection
D. Stabilizing selection

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34
Q

changes in allele frequencies due to random chance.

A

Genetic drift

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35
Q

Derived from the observation that allele frequencies may drift randomly from generations as a matter of choice.

A

Genetic drift

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36
Q

genetic drift favors either….

A

elimination (0%) or the fixation (100%) of an allele in a population.

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37
Q

May rapidly alter allele frequencies when the size of a population dramatically decreases.

A

Genetic drift

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38
Q

much smaller when the sample size is large.

A

random chance

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39
Q

change in allele frequencies of the resulting populations due to genetic drift.
Population size is reduced and rebounded
Earthquakes, flood, drought, human destruction

A

Bottleneck Effect

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40
Q

Population size is reduced and rebounded

Earthquakes, flood, drought, human destruction

A

Bottleneck Effect

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41
Q

occurs when a small group of individuals separates from a larger population and establishes a colony in a new location.

A

Founded Effect

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42
Q

How does migration affect allele and/or genotype frequencies…

A

Migration reduces differences in allele frequencies between populations and enhances genetic diversity.

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43
Q

Gene flow occurs when

A

individuals migrate between populations with different allele frequencies.

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44
Q

a form of nonrandom mating in which genetically related individuals have offspring with each other. (increase the proportion of homozygous relative to heterozygotes)

A

Inbreeding

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45
Q

affect genotypes but not allele

A

Nonrandom mating

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46
Q

when individuals with similar phenotypes are more likely to mate. (increase in homozygous, decrease heterozygotes)

A

Assortative mating

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47
Q

Microevolution vs macroevolution

A

Microevolution is evolution on the small scale of changes in allele frequencies in a population.
macroevolution is evolution on a larger scale and evolutionary changes that produce new species and groups of species.

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48
Q

The biological species concept can’t be applied to…

A

species that are extinct or reproduce asexually.

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49
Q

What accounts for the phenotypic differences observed among living organisms?

A

Differences in phenotype are due to differences in expression of the genotype and differences in environmental factors.

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50
Q

What else may occur in order for a new species to arise?

A

random mutations acted on by natural selection, interspecies mating, changes in chromosome number and horizontal gene transfer

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51
Q

splitting or diverging of a population into two or more species. This can occur by allopatric speciation or sympatric speciation

A

Cladogenesis

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52
Q

Whats the most prevalent way for cladogenesis to occur

A

allopatric speciation

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53
Q

occurs when a population becomes isolated from other populations and evolves into one or more new species.

A

allopatric speciation

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54
Q

Typically, the isolation may involve a geographic barrier such as an area of land or body of water.

A

allopatric speciation

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55
Q

occurs when members of a species that are within the same range, diverge into two or more different species even though there are no physical barriers to inbreeding.

A

Sympatric speciation

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56
Q

4 species concepts…

A

Biological, evolutionary, ecological, and general lineage.

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57
Q

species are a group of individuals whose members have the potential to interbreed with one another in nature to produce viable, fertile offspring but cannot successfully interbreed with members of other species.

A

Biological species concept

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58
Q

species should be defined based on the separate evolution of lineages.

A

Evolutionary species concept

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59
Q

species based on an ecological niche, which is a unique set of habitat resources that a species requires as well as influence on the environment and other species.

A

Ecological species concept

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60
Q

each species is a population of an independently evolving lineage (each species has evolved from a specific series of ancestors and forms a group of organisms with a particular set of characteristics.

A

General lineage concept

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61
Q

the mechanisms that prevent interbreeding between different species.

A

Reproductive isolating mechanism

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62
Q

Prezygotic vs

Postzygotic

A

Pre- prevent the formation of a zygote.

Post- block the development of a viable/fertile individual after fertilization has taken place.

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63
Q

In sexually reproducing organisms, cladogenesis requires…

A

gene flow interrupted between 2 or more populations, limiting reproduction between members of those populations.

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64
Q

formation of a new species, is caused by genetic changes in a particular group that make it different from the species from which it was derived.

A

Speciation

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65
Q

type of genetic change that can cause immediate reproductive isolation.

A

Polyploidy (2 or more sets of chromosomes)

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66
Q

How can a polyploidy occur?

A

complete nondisjunction of chromosomes and interspecies breeding.

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67
Q

may produce an allodiploid

A

Interspecies breeding

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68
Q

key components of climate.

A

Temperature and precipitation

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69
Q

Temperature changes occur due to…

A

latitudinal variations in the incoming solar radiation.

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70
Q

More heat is lost in the atmosphere of

A

higher latitudes because the sun’s rays travel a greater distance.

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71
Q

Temperature __ as the amount of solar radiation ___, temperature __increase near the equator.

A

increases, increases, does not

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72
Q

Global patterns of circulation/precipitation are influenced by

A

solar energy

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73
Q

High temps at the equator cause the surface of equatorial air to…

A

heat up and rise vertically to the atmosphere.

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74
Q

areas of high pressure and are the sites of the worlds hottest deserts because subsiding air is dry.

A

Subsidence zone

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75
Q

The equatorial flow from both hemispheres meets…

A

near the equator (ITCZ).

76
Q

Subsidence zones…

A

having released all moisture into the equator.

77
Q

From the centers of subsidence zones, the surface flow ….

A

splits into a direction towards the poles and toward the equator.

78
Q

The distributions of major biomes are determined by

A

temperature

79
Q

How does the tilt and rotation of the Earth influence weather patterns: (23.5 degree tilt)

A
  • Results in the seasonalities.
  • At different times, the solar equator shifts (climate regions may experience warmer/colder or wetter/drier weather)
  • Different parts of Earth get the Sun’s direct rays throughout the year.
80
Q

the wind direction is deflected by the rotation of the Earth; deflects the wind directions East or West.

A

Coriolis effect

81
Q

What gives spin to the storm system and is a reason hurricanes spin counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere and clockwise in the southern hemisphere.

A

Coriolis effect

82
Q

On mountains, temperature__ with increasing elevation, resulting in __ .

A

decreases, adiabatic cooling

83
Q

increasing elevation leads to a

A

decrease in air temp caused by pressure temp

84
Q

area where precipitation is less, sheltered by the wind, and drier air descends.

A

Rainshadow

85
Q

When air is blown across the earth’s surface and up over mountains, it…

A

expands because of reduced air pressure.

86
Q

Why does land heat and cool quicker than sea water?

A

water has a higher heat specificity.

87
Q

Ocean currents act as…

A

pinwheels between continents.

88
Q

Ocean currents direction…

A

running clockwise in the ocean basins of the northern hemisphere and counterclockwise in the southern hemisphere.

89
Q

4 factors influence wave size=

A

wind speed, fetch, duration, and water depth.

90
Q

Coastal areas are influenced by

A

tides caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun.

91
Q

At the equator, oceans are pulled…

A

toward the moon creating high tides and low tides at higher latitudes.

92
Q

distinguished by differences in temperature, salinity, oxygen content, depth, current strength, and light availability

A

Aquatic

93
Q

classified according to temperature and annual precipitation

A

Terrestrial

94
Q

soil conditions can influence biome vegetation, and 1 biome type may grade into another at biome boundaries.

A

Terrestrial

95
Q

open ocean, intertidal zone, and coral reef (freshwater habitats are divided into lentic and lotic habitats)

A

Aquatic

96
Q

The locations of many fossils and living organisms can be explained by….

A

evolution in one supercontinent followed by subsequent continental drift

97
Q

Certain plant and animal life are __ to certain geographic areas of Earth

A

restricted

98
Q

Wallace defined the world’s biome to 6 major biogeographic regions=

A

Neartic, palearctic, neotropical, ethiopian, oreintal, and australian.

99
Q

__ regions correspond to continents but more exactly to areas bounded by major barriers to dispersal.

A

Biogeographic

100
Q

The sun’s rays hit the equator most directly resulting in a

A

tropical climate.

101
Q

During summertime in the Northern Hemisphere…

A

Earth is tilted so that the Northern Hemisphere is angled more directly at the sun. (warmer)

102
Q

the Southern Hemisphere is angled away from the sun, so….

A

it receives less direct sunlight and experiences winter.

103
Q

contain abundant animals, are regularly saturated with water, and are seasonally flooded.

A

Wetlands

104
Q

land meets the sea, is exposed and submerged by daily tide cycles, and consists of rocky shores, sandy shores, or mudflats.

A

intertidal zone

105
Q

an aquatic biome and a wetland is a freshwater habitat.

A

intertidal zone

106
Q

marshes and swamps

A

Wetlands

107
Q

In the population growth equation,

the letter “r” is defined as the

A

capita growth rate

108
Q

helps determine how populations grow, remain steady, or decline over any time period.

A

capita growth rate

109
Q

What does the value of “r” indicate about a population?

A

If r > 0, then the population is increasing. If r = 0, then the population remains constant with zero population growth. If r < 0, then the population is decreasing.

110
Q

what conditions would you expect to see exponential growth?

A

occurs in new or expanding populations when resources are not the limiting factor to population growth. At higher r values, the population grows more rapidly indicating exponential growth.

111
Q

what conditions would you expect to see logistic growth?

A

population approaches this carrying capacity in which resources become limited and growth slows.

112
Q

maximum population size that the given environment can sustain

A

carrying capacity

113
Q

As you study two closely related predatory insect species, the two-spot and the three-spot avenger beetles, you notice that each species seeks prey at dawn in areas without the other species. However, where their ranges overlap the two-spot avenger beetle hunts at night and the three-spot hunts in the morning. You have discovered an example of

A

resource partitioning

114
Q

when two species with shared resource requirements differentiate their niche from each other so that they can coexist in the same habitat.

A

resource partitioning

115
Q

Some coloration patterns can be used to warn predators to avoid certain prey. This coloration is called

A

Aposematic coloration

116
Q

occurs when two or more toxic species converge to look the same.

A

Müllerian mimicry

117
Q

Each member species of this type of mimicry is…

A

toxic

118
Q

In Batesian mimicry what is toxic…

A

only one species is toxic and the non-toxic species mimics its design.

119
Q

occurs when one non-toxic or palatable species resembles the toxic or non-palatable species to avoid predation.

A

Batesian mimicry

120
Q

The trophic levels of a food chain are the….

A

primary producers (autotrophs) then come the primary consumers (herbivores) which are then eaten by secondary consumers (carnivores) and then the tertiary consumers (carnivores as well).

121
Q

The base of the food chain is represented by the

A

autotrophs who create energy from photosynthesis.

122
Q

when an environment becomes capable of sustaining life, but the environment has a prior history of sustaining life.

A

Secondary succession

123
Q

process by which an ecological community evolves over time.

A

Succession

124
Q

occurs due to an environment becoming capable of sustaining life that has never sustained life before.

A

Primary succession

125
Q

occur from a volcanic eruption or receding glacier.

A

Primary succession

126
Q

can occur from a major disturbance that destroys a community without destroying the soil in the environment

A

Secondary succession

127
Q

Differentiate among type I, II, and III survivorship curves:
A. The rate of juveniles is low and most people are lost later in life as they get older; invest much time raising their young; many large mammals and humans.

B. The rate of loss of juveniles is high and the survivorship curve flattens out for those individuals that have avoided early death; insects/plants/fish/marine invertebrates.

C. represents the middle ground, with a fairly uniform death rate over time; includes birds, small mammals, reptiles, and some plants.

A

A. Type 1
B. Type 3
C. Type 2

128
Q

affects both species negatively (as both compete over food).

A

Competition

129
Q

one sided, detrimental to one species and neutral to the other. (0/-)

A

Amenualism

130
Q

both species benefit.

A

Mutualism

131
Q

benefits 1 species and is neutral to the other (+/0)

A

Commensalism

132
Q

predator feeds on prey and causes rapid death.

A

Predation

133
Q

animal feeds on a plant.

A

Herbivory

134
Q

parasite establishes a relatively long-term relationship with its host; which may or may not lead to the host’s death.

A

Parasitism

135
Q

organism lays eggs in a host and resulting larvae remain in the host, killing it.

A

Parasitoidism

136
Q

__ may reduce population densities and stabilize them at equilibrium levels.

A

Competition

137
Q

a mortality factor whose influence increases with the density of the population.

A

Density dependent factor

138
Q

Positive slope

A

Density dependent factor

139
Q

a mortality factor whose influence is not affected by changes in a population size or density; mainly physical factors (drought, freezes, etc)

A

Density independent factor

140
Q

Slope equal (straight line)

A

Density independent factor

141
Q

Negative slope

A

Inverse density dependent factors

142
Q

a mortality factor whose influence decreases with increasing population size.

A

Inverse density dependent factors

143
Q

A linear depiction of energy flow with each organism feeding on and deriving energy from the proceeding organism.

A

Food chain

144
Q

Feeding relationships with organisms are characterized by an…

A

unbranched food chain.

145
Q

Each level of a food chain

A

trophic level

146
Q

Whats more complex? Feeding relationships or simple food chains

A

Feeding relationships

147
Q

a complex model of interconnected food chains in which there are multiple links among species.

A

Food web

148
Q

sum of the number of links between 2 trophic levels involved; tend to be short (5 or less)

A

Chain length

149
Q

Key factors that affect species richness are the…

A

amount of available energy and feeding relationships with organisms.

150
Q

each colonizing species makes the local environment a little different so that it’s suitable for other species which invade earlier residents. (Continues until the most competitively dominant species have colonized)

A

Facilitation

151
Q

early colonists prevent colonization by other species; limited space.

A

Inhibition

152
Q

any process can start the succession, but the eventual climax community is reached in a somewhat orderly fashion. (The species that establish themselves and remain, do not change the environment in ways that either facilitate or inhibit colonists. )

A

Tolerance

153
Q

harvest light or chemical energy and store that energy in carbon compounds.

A

Autotrophs

154
Q

Most include plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria

A

Autotrophs

155
Q

contain protists, most animals, and some plants

A

Herbivores

156
Q

an increase in Earth’s average surface temperature.

A

Global warming

157
Q

long term change in earth’s climate or change in climate for a particular region (some areas may get warmer or colder)

A

Climate change

158
Q

Greenhouse effect:

A

solar radiation in the form of short-wave energy passes through the atmosphere to heat the surface of the Earth.
This energy is re-radiated from the Earth’s warmed surface into the atmosphere but in the form of long-wave infrared radiation.
Atmospheric gases absorb much of this infrared energy and radiate it a second time to the Earth’s surface, causing temperatures to rise further.

159
Q

Without the greenhouse effect, global temps would be

A

lower than they are.

160
Q

Greenhouse effect is caused by

A

water vapor, CO2, CH4, N2O, and CFCs.

161
Q

as most regions become warmer and a few regions become colder, most plant species cannot easily disperse and move into newly created climatic regions that will be suitable for them.

A

Alter distribution of species

162
Q

average level for the surface of 1 or more of the Earth’s oceans.

A

Sea level rising

163
Q

With an expected future 2-4 degree C warming, sea levels are expected to rise 50-60 cm due to…

A

melting of glaciers and thermal water expansion.

164
Q

In precipitation patterns from global warming, higher temperatures…

A

increase evaporation and warmer air holds more water vapor.

165
Q

Increased temperatures will lead to widespread

A

droughts in desert areas; wet get wetter and dry get drier.

166
Q

Biogeochemical cycles= movement of chemicals through ecosystems involve what mechanisms?

A

biological, geological, and chemical transport mechanisms.

167
Q

Elements required in the greatest amounts by living things…

A

C,H,O, are P and N.

168
Q

How are humans affecting the Carbon Cycle?

A
  • burning of fossil fuels are increasingly causing large amounts of CO2 to enter the atmosphere.
  • Deforestation contributes to the elevation of atmospheric CO2.
169
Q

Water Cycle: human activities have altered the water cycle…

A
  • Altering precipitation patterns and causing glaciers to melt.
  • Use dams to create reservoirs and impact migration of fish (affects their reproduction).
  • built structures that affect the flow of moving bodies of water.
  • Aquifers for drinking water removes more water than is put back by rainfall; sinkholes can develop and lakes can dry out.
170
Q

Process where elevated nutrient levels are used to an overgrowth of algae and the depletion of water oxygen concentration.

A

Eutrophication

171
Q

has no gas phase or atmospheric component

A

Phosphorus Cycle

172
Q

The phosphorous cycle is what kind of cycle?

A

local cycle

173
Q

What’s an effect of the P cycle…

When algae and plants die…

A

they sink to the bottom where they are decomposed and consume the dissolved oxygen in the water.
This can kill the fish.

174
Q

tendency of certain chemicals to concentrate in organisms and higher trophic levels in food chains; can cause health and reproductive problems for certain organisms.

A

Biomagnification

175
Q

spread naturally and impact native species.

A

Invasive species

176
Q

Characteristics of invasive species….

A

May reproduce rapidly
may not have natural enemies in new habitat
may act as predators and outcompete native species
may compete aggressively for resources
some are lethal pathogens.

177
Q

Humans kill adult prey at rates up to …

A

14x higher than predators.

178
Q

practice in which humans harvest a particular species at a rate that’s unsustainable, based on its natural mortality and capacity for reproduction.

A

Overexploitation

179
Q

Effects of overexploitation…

A

Hunting of animals has been the cause of many extinctions.

humans’ ability to identify valuable species and remove them from their native habitats has led to overexploitation.

180
Q

human driven process where a natural habitat is altered in a way that prevents it from supporting the species that were originally present.

A

Habitat destruction

181
Q

What reduces biodiversity?

A

Habitat destruction

182
Q

Primary cause of extinction….

A

Habitat destruction

183
Q

deforestation, conversion of habitat to agricultural land, urbanization, strip-mining, quarrying.

A

Habitat destruction

184
Q

Freshwater habitats have also suffered from…

A

dam construction and river channelization.

185
Q

conversion of forested areas to non forested land; forests allow crops to evolve, future breeding of the crops, rich in plants and medicinal value, and good economic value.

A

Deforestation

186
Q

The destruction of habitat to plant agricultural crops and to provide pasture for grazing livestock can create….

A

soil erosion, flooding, declining soil fertility, silting of rivers, and desertification.

Biology 1009 Final Exam (2 decks)

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