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Biology 100 > biology 100 > Flashcards

biology 100 Flashcards

chapter 3 pt 1

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cell Theory

A
  1. cell is smallest unit of life
  2. cells make up all living things
  3. new cells can only arise from preexisting cells
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2
Q

Two basic types of cells

A

eukaryotic and prokaryotic

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3
Q

Features of Prokaryotic cell

A

Limited to bacteria and archaea
smaller and simpler
lack membrane bound organelles
DNA located in cytoplasm

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4
Q

Features of Eukaryotic cells

A

Plants, animals, fungi, and protists
has membrane bound organelles
well defined nucleus
DNA in nucleus

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5
Q

Organelle

A

component within a cell that carries out specific functions

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6
Q

surface-to-volume ratio

A

As a cell gets larger its surface area increases much more slowly than its volume.

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7
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

Outer surface of cell

Regulates movement of materials in and out of cell

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8
Q

The plasma membrane is made of ______, ______, and ________.

A

lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates

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9
Q

extracellular fluid

A

the watery solution outside cells

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10
Q

cytoplasm

A

The part of the cell that includes the aqueous fluid within the cell and all the organelles with the exception of the nucleus

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11
Q

Functions of Plasma Membrane

A
  • maintain structural integrity of the cell
  • regulates movement of substances in and out of cell
  • provide recognition between cells
  • provide communication between cells
  • stick cells together to form tissues and organs
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12
Q

selectively permeable

A

regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell, permitting entry to some substances but not to others

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13
Q

Cell adhesion molecules CAMs

A

extend from the plasma membranes of most cells and help attach the cells to one another

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14
Q

simple diffusion

A

the random movement of a substance from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration

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15
Q

concentration gradient

A

difference in the relative number of molecules or ions of a given substance in two adjacent areas

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16
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

the movement of a substance from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration with the aid of a membrane protein that acts as a channel or carrier protein

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17
Q

osmosis

A

movement of water from a region of higher concentration to region of lower concentration

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18
Q

active transport

A

movement of molecules from region of lower concentration to region of higher concentration with the aid of a carrier protein and energy, usually ATP

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19
Q

Endocytosis

A

process by which materials are engulfed by the plasma membrane and drawn into the cell in a vesicle

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20
Q

Exocytosis

A

Process by which a membrane bound vesicle from inside the cell fuses with the plasma membrane and spills contents outside the cell

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21
Q

vesicle

A

a membrane bound sac formed during endocytosis

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22
Q

phagocytosis

A

“cell eating”

cell engulfs large particles or bacteria

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23
Q

pinocytosis

A

“cell drinking”

cell engulfs droplets of fluid and the substances dissolved in the droplet into the cell

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24
Q

nucleus

A

contains almost all of the cell’s genetic information

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25
Q

nuclear envelope

A

a double membrane that surrounds the nucleus and separates it from the cytoplasm

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26
Q

nuclear pores

A

openings in the nuclear envelope where communication between the nucleus and the cytoplasm occurs

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27
Q

chromosomes

A

threadlike structures made of DNA and associated proteins

28
Q

ribosomes

free/bound

A

the site where protein synthesis occurs in a cell

suspended in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough ER

29
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

an extensive network of channels connected to the nuclear envelope and certain organelles

30
Q

RER

A

has ribosomes attached to its surface and modifies proteins made by the ribosomes

31
Q

SER

A

lacks ribosomes
detoxifies alcohol and other drugs
produces phospholipids for incorporation in the membrane

32
Q

Golgi complex

A

series of interconnected flattened membranous sacs

cell’s protein processing and packaging center

33
Q

lysosome

A

digests substances brought into cell and destroys old parts of cells

34
Q

mitochondria

A

sites of energy conversion in the cell

where most of cellular respiration occurs

35
Q

mitochondria have a _______ membrane.

A

double

36
Q

Mitochondria contain _______ and a small percentage of a cell’s total ________.

A

ribosomes

DNA

37
Q

cytoskeleton and 3 types

A

complex network of fibers
microtubules
microfilaments
intermediate filaments

38
Q

microtubules and functions

A

straight hollow rods made of the protein tubulin

  • maintain cell shape
  • form tracks on which organelles or vesicles move
  • serve as working parts of cilia and flagella
39
Q

centrioles

A
  • composed of 9 sets of 3 microtubules

- function in cell division and the formation of cilia and flagella

40
Q

microfilaments

A

solid rods made of the protein actin.

plays a roles in muscle contraction and cell division

41
Q

intermediate filaments

A

diverse group of ropelike fibers that maintain cell shape and anchor certain organelles in place. (protein composition varies)

42
Q

All the chemical reactions that take place in a cell

A

metabolism

43
Q

catabolic pathways

A

complex molecules, such as carbohydrates, are broken down into simpler compounds releasing energy

44
Q

anabolic pathways

A

build complex molecules from simpler ones and consume energy

45
Q

cellular respiration

A

oxygen requiring pathway by which cells break down glucose

46
Q

Cellular respiration is an elaborate series of chemical reactions whose final products are _______, ________, and ________.

A

carbon dioxide
waters
energy

47
Q

phases of cellular respiration

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. transition reaction
  3. citric acid cycle
  4. electron transport chain
48
Q

glycolysis

A

(sugar-splitting)

begins with the splitting of a six-carbon sugar into 2 three-carbon sugars

49
Q

During glycolysis three-carbon sugars are converted into two molecules of _____.

A

pyruvate

50
Q

In preparation for glucose splitting ___ molecules of ______ are consumed.

A

2, ATP

51
Q

Products of glycolysis

A

2 pyruvates
4 ATP
2 NADH

52
Q

NADH

A

nicotine adenine dinucleotide

carrier of high energy electrons

53
Q

glycolysis does not require ________ and occurs in the _________.

A

oxygen

cytoplasm

54
Q

transition reaction

A

once inside the mitochondria, pyruvate reacts with coenzyme A (CoA)

55
Q

acetyl group

A

resulting two-carbon molecule when one carbon is removed in the form of CO2 (during transition reaction)

56
Q

acetyl CoA

A
  • formed when acetyl group binds with CoA

- high-energy fuel molecule that will enter the citric acid cycle

57
Q

Per pyruvate - product

A

CO2 waste
NADH
Acetyl CoA

58
Q

citric acid cycle

A

cyclic series of eight chemical reactions by which acetyl CoA is broken down

59
Q

citric acid cycle - each acetyl CoA product

A

2 CO2 waste
1 ATP
3 NADH
1 FADH2

60
Q

electron transport chain

A

electrons from NADH and FADH2 are passed from one carrier protein to the next releasing energy for ATP synthesis

61
Q

the final electron acceptor

A

oxygen

62
Q

electron transport chain product

A

32 ATP

water

63
Q

fermentation

A

breakdown of glucose without oxygen

64
Q

final electron acceptor in fermentation

A

pyruvate or a pyruvate derivative

65
Q

fermentation product

A

nets 2 ATP

66
Q

lactic acid fermentation

A

occurs in muscles during strenuous exercise, oxygen in muscles runs low

Biology 100 (1 decks)

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