Biologics Flashcards
what is meant by biological? and in this context what is considered as biologicals?
any medicinal product manufactured in or extracted from biological sources.
peptides and proteins
which receptor does the alpha-bungarotoxin binds to?
post synaptic nicotinic Ach receptor
name the receptors/channels inhibited by these toxin:
- alpha-conotoxin
- delta-conotoxin
- kappa-conotoxin
- mu-conotoxin
- omega-conotoxin
- inhibits nAchr at nerves and muscles
- inhibits the inactivation of VG Na channels
- inhibits potassium channels
- inhibits VG na channels in muscle
- Inhibits N-type VG Ca channels
what class of drug is captopril? describe its mechanism of action
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme inhibitors.
this inhibition would block the conversion of Ang I to Ang II (potent vasoconstrictor). This would lower arteriole resistance, increase venous capacity, decrease cardiac output and stroke volume -> lower resistance in blood vessel of the kidney -> increased natriuresis -> lower blood pressure
how does a ‘rational drug design’ demonstrated when designing the first catropil
ACE inhibitors isolated from a snake venom and is originally a large peptide -> identified the active region and isolate it -> create drugs which consist of the active region -> simpler form of ACE (therefore it is taking a more complex structure to simpler one)
what is an MMR vaccine?
what is an inactivated vaccines?
what is a recombinant vaccines?
measles, mumps and rubella with attenuated, drastically reduced virulence virus but they are still viable
virus particles that has been inactivated
recombinant vaccines present antigenic proteins from the pathogen in order to stimulate an immune response
why is producing protein in yeast cells is more beneficial than in E.coli?
yeast cells has nucleus and the proteins produced are able to be folded and made into functional protein. in E.coli, the protein is made in the cytoplasm and therefore no folding -> no functional protein
what is the important factor in the formation of disulphide bridges in insulin?
proper folding of the molecule
this demonstrate the importance of protein folding to make a functional one
which disorder uses enzyme replacement therapy?
lysosome storage diseases
- Gaucher’s disease
- Fabry disease
- Hunter syndrome and Battens disease
name the enzymes used in the treatment of lysosome storage disease
- VIMZIM (elosulfase alpha)
- Naglazyme
- Aldurazyme
which fragment of an antibody possesses high degree of variability?
describe the other fragment present in antibody
Fab fragment, where antigen binds
Fc fragment, crystallisable and gives antibody its stability. it interacts with cell surface receptors
what is an antivenin? explain how it works.
antivenin is an antivenin used livestock with venomous bite
toxin obtained from venomous animal injected in small amount to domestic animal. antibodies formed is purified from the blood and made into serum
antibody is able to bind to toxin and soaked it up like sponge
where is the birth place of B cells and how many antibody can it formed?
generated in the bone marrow and it can only give rise to one type of antibody
explain how monoclonal antibodies are formed
- inject mice with a small amount of antigen to provoke an immune response
- B cells producing antibodies complementary to the antigen is harvested from the spleen and isolated
- B cells fused with B cancer cells, myeloma to produce hybrid cell line hybridoma
- starting with one viable Hybridoma, the cell is placed in culture (HAT medium)
- ended up with genetically identical hybridomas producing the same antibody
OXIZU what is this?
suffix for antibodies
- omab: suffix for murine monoclonal antibody
- ximab and zumab: suffix for chimeric and humanised antibody
- umab: suffix for human monoclonal antibody
