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ANT100 MIDTERM > BIOLOGICALANTHROPOLOGY > Flashcards

BIOLOGICALANTHROPOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

biological anthropology

A

study of how humans evolved; explores human differences and similarities by investigating biological and cultural complexities

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2
Q

oldest north american skeleton

A

eve of naranon in the carribbean coast of mexico (13,600+ years ago)

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3
Q

5 disciplines of anthropology

A

cultural, linguistic, archaeology, biological, applied

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4
Q

scope of biological anthropology

A

primatology, paleoanthropology, molecular anthro, bioarchaeology, forensic anthro, human bio

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5
Q

carolus liinnaeus

A

early naturalist who created a classification system for living things based on appearance (species/genus)

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6
Q

binomial nomenclature (by linnaeus)

A

first letter of genus is capitalized, species designations are lower case

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7
Q

georges-louis leclerc

A

early naturalist who founded biogeography; regions with similar environments still have different species

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8
Q

jean-baptiste lemarck

A

early naturalist who discovered the inheritance of acquired characteristics/rare traits which help creatures adapt

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9
Q

charles darwin

A

early naturalist who collected specimens and observed living and fossilized creatures + darwinism

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10
Q

alfred wallace

A

early naturalist who described theory of natural selection + collaborated with darwin to write about this theory

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11
Q

gregor mendel

A

early naturalist who experimented with pea plants to crossbreed and test inheritance of physical traits (discovered genetics)

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12
Q

3 postulates of darwinian evolution - struggle for existence

A

ability to expand population is infinite

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13
Q

3 postulates of darwinian evolution - variation in fitness

A

ability to reproduce among organisms is varied

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14
Q

3 postulates of darwinian evolution - inheritance of variation

A

beneficial traits are inherited by offspring

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15
Q

evolution is not an increase in fitness

A

environments are changing; “red queen hypothesis”

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16
Q

darwinian evolution and inheritance

A

no explanation on how characteristics inherited

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17
Q

variation in evolution

A

physical variety which are passed through offspring

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18
Q

adaptive change

A

many more organisms are born than can survive; lack of resources to sustain life (natural selection)

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19
Q

somatic cells

A

most cells in the body

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20
Q

gametes

A

sex cells

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21
Q

cytoplasm

A

mix of membranes, molecules, and organelles

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22
Q

nucleus

A

contains hereditary materials (chromosomes)

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23
Q

chromosomes

A

paired structures in nucleus containing genes (DNA double helix)

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24
Q

DNA

A

stores genetic information that codes for proteins

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25
Q

4 bases for DNA

A

adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine (G&C/T&A)

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26
Q

RNA

A

dictates synthesis of proteins, regulates other genes, works with structures in ribosomes, manufactures proteins, transport amino acids to ribosomes

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27
Q

messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

RNA that is read by ribosomes to build protein

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28
Q

protein

A

linear sequence of amino acids

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29
Q

transcription

A

synthesis of RNA at unwound section of DNA

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30
Q

codon

A

genetic information encoded in sequence in 3 nucleotide codes (adenine, guanine, cytosine, urasil)

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31
Q

translation RNA (tRNA)

A

information adapter molecule; direct interface between amino acid sequence of protein information in mRNA

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32
Q

gene

A

chemical unit of heredity

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33
Q

phenotype

A

physical appearance of organism; may or may not represent genotype or genetic constitution

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34
Q

genotype

A

total complement of inherited traits/genes of an organism

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35
Q

alleles

A

one member of a pair of genes (variation in genetic structure)

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36
Q

homozygous

A

having 2 identical genes/alleles in a pair of chromosomes (YY/yy)

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37
Q

heterozygous

A

having different genes or alleles in a pair of chromosomes (Yy)

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38
Q

dominant alleles

A

alleles of gene pair that is always phenotypically expressed in heterozygous form (capital letter is dominant)

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39
Q

recessive alleles

A

alleles of gene pair that is always phenotypically expressed in homozygous form

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40
Q

mutation

A

error or change in genetic code (randomly occurring; can be neutral, harmful, beneficial)

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41
Q

population genetics

A

random changes in gene pool overtime (reduces within population genetic variation, likely to affect small populations, increases between population genetic variation

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42
Q

gene flow

A

movement of genes between population

43
Q

natural selection

A

mechanism of evolution

44
Q

adoption

A

process: change in an organism which allows it to reproduce/survive in a new environment
feature: characteristic that performs function of utility or organism possessing it

45
Q

antimicrobial resistance

A

threatens effective prevention and treatment of diseases; harmful and a threat to public health

46
Q

macroevolution

A

large scale changes that extend over geological areas; associated with research on the formation of new taxonomic groups

47
Q

cladistics

A

system of biological taxonomy based on quantitative analysis of comparative data that reconstructs phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary history of groups of organisms

48
Q

steps for cladistics

A
  1. chose taxa
  2. group taxa by synapomorphies (derived shared characteristics)
49
Q

cladogram

A

branching diagram used to illustrate phylogenetic relationships

50
Q

ancestral/primitive traits

A

shared with out group

51
Q

derived traits

A

shared with in group

52
Q

crania

A

used to understand hominid evolution

53
Q

palocene

A
  • 65.6 - 55.8
  • hot&humid / continents are stuck together and underwater
54
Q

plesiadapiformes (palocene primate)

A

primate like mammals (small/nocturnal quadrupeds/eats insects and seeds/good sense of smell
- not primates due to phonetics (no postorbital bar&claws/eyes on side of head/large incisors

55
Q

eocene

A
  • 55.8 - 33.9
  • temp dropped / longest epoch / climate changed / geographically stable
  • primates had small brains (neither of these species are responsible for large brains in modern primates)
56
Q

adapidae (eocene primate)

A

100 - 6900kg/diurnal&nocturnal/arboreal quadrupeds&leapers/ate fruit, insects, leaves/potentially evolved to lemurs

57
Q

omomyidae (eocene primate)

A

45-2500g/diurnal&nocturnal/specialized leapers/teeth adapted to eat insects&fruit/ potentially led to tarsiers

58
Q

oligocene

A
  • 33.9 - 23.0
  • geography changed/decrease in temp then increase
59
Q

haplorhine (oligocene primate)

A

fused frontal bones/postorbital closure/fused mandibular symphasis
3 taxonomic groups: parapithecidae, propliopithecidae, platyrrhini

60
Q

south american primates

A

appear during late oligocene; may have “rafted” over from africa

61
Q

miocene

A
  • 23.0 - 5.3
  • 3 eras (late, middle, early)
  • similar to current earth/declining temp/loss of forests
62
Q

early miocene

A
  • 23.0 - 16.0
  • monkeys and apes confined to africa
63
Q

middle miocene

A
  • 16.0 - 11.6
  • ape like catarrhines widespread in europe and asia
64
Q

late miocene

A
  • 11.6 - 5.3
  • apes are rare due to global cooling and loss of forests
65
Q

miocene hominids

A
  • love africa because of warm temps
  • some adapted to europe and asia, but some eventually returned to africa
  • african apes = chimps/gorillas
    = europe/asia apes = hominids
66
Q

pliocene

A
  • 5.3 - 1.8
  • land moving/tectonic plates and volcanoes forming/temp fluctuation
  • phylogenetic relationships are unresolved
67
Q

fossil cercopithecidae

A

old world monkey

68
Q

fossil colobinae

A

leaf eating monkey

69
Q

transitional forms

A
  • modifications of postcranial skeleton for bipedal locomotion
  • shape/size of canines from sharp to duller
  • expansion of brain
70
Q

hominin

A

modern humans, chimps, and other species closely related to one another

71
Q

morphological trends

A
  • mosaic evolution (evolutionary changes in stages)
  • bipedalism, increased brain size
  • intelligence (bigger does not mean smarter)
  • relative vs absolute
72
Q

foramen magnum (quadrapedalism v bipedalism)

A

difference in position

73
Q

pelvis (quadrapedalism v bipedalism)

A

different widths and position; affects motion

74
Q

knees (quadrapedalism v bipedalism)

A

curved bones v tight into body

75
Q

hallux (quadrapedalism v bipedalism)

A

toe shapes&foot shape

76
Q

hands (quadrapedalism v bipedalism)

A

knuckle position (quadpedals have hands on the ground)

77
Q

ribcage (quadrapedalism v bipedalism)

A

humans have barrel shaped ribs

78
Q

brain size (hominin)

A

size increased 1.8m years ago/cannot grow further due to unavoidable birth complications (will not fit through birth canal)

79
Q

hominin fossils

A
  • early fossils in africa (teeth and fragments of upper/lower bones in ethiopia)
  • ardipithecus ramidus and ardepithecis kadabba
  • ape like traits (thin enamel)
    hominin like traits (bipedalism)
80
Q

australopithecus afarensis

A
  • ethiopia and tanzania (4.2-3.0 million years ago)
  • complex morphology and transitional forms
  • single sexually dimorphic species or two species
  • laetoli footprints: demonstrate bipedalism
  • evidence: found the intact remains of a 3yo from 3.2 million years ago
81
Q

australopithecus sediba

A
  • malapa, south africe (1.98 million years ago)
  • juvenile male (MH1) and afult female (MH2) remains found
  • human like brain shape and size/tree climbing hands
82
Q

homo habilis

A
  • tanzania, kenya, ethiopia (2.3-1.6MYA)
  • brain size and association with stone tools
    earliest representative og human genus
83
Q

homo rudolfensis

A
  • koobi fora, kenya
  • originally considered to be homo habilis
  • very controversial
84
Q

homo erectus

A
  • asia and southeast asia
  • brain and body size changed
  • controlled use of fire and hunting
85
Q

homo ergaster

A
  • east and south africa
  • evolved and stayed in africa
  • thinner skull bones and enlarged superorbital foramen
86
Q

homo heidelbergensis

A
  • europe and africa (700-130 thousand years ago)
  • small dentition, larger body and brain
87
Q

homo antecessor

A
  • spain (1.2MYA - 800 thousand)
  • controversial (juvenile jaw/teeth)
    1st european hominin
88
Q

homo neanderthalensis

A
  • europe and middle east
  • bones have muscular attachments; athletic and strong
  • used fire, stone tools, and hunted
  • genetics of neanderthals (present in some humans)
89
Q

homo naledi

A
  • south africa (335-236 thousand years ago)
  • small bodied with primitive features
90
Q

homo floresiensis

A
  • flores island, indonesia (95-13 thousand years ago)
  • small brain with primitive and derived features
  • a little over 1m tall; unique species
91
Q

homo sapien

A
  • africa (300 thousand years ago)
  • controlled use of fire, hunting, and gathering
  • cultural remains include complex stone tools
92
Q

human origins

A
  • replacement hypothesis (one wave of human dispersal from africa to the world; originally from african H. sapiens)
  • multiregional hypothothesis (no wave of H. sapien replacement, H. erectus is most recent ancestor of modern humans)
93
Q

denisova hominin

A
  • denisova cave in russia
  • finger bone and tooth found
  • dna from bones = humans, neandertals, and denisova share ancestors (denisove and neandertals are sister groups)
  • likely interbred with humans on southeast asia (at least 4x)
  • found 13yo specimen with neandertal mother and denisovan father
94
Q

do humans have race?

A
  • biologically, No: despite diff skin color, there is only 1 specie of homo sapien
95
Q

sexual variation: gender, sexual identity, biology

A
  • XY (male) / XX (female) / trisonomy / pentasomy
  • unisexual species
  • oscalans: born as male then become female as reproduction age starts
96
Q

medical anthropology

A

study of sickness and health in relation to culture, language, society

97
Q

infectuous diseases

A
  • co-evolution of humans/pathogens
  • death rates between 1st world and 3rd world countries
98
Q

antibiotics

A
  • drug used for the prevention/treatment of sickness
  • revolutionized medicine
99
Q

antimicrobial resistance

A
  • threatens prevention and treatment of infections
  • overuse of antibiotics = bodies become used to it
100
Q

vaccinations

A
  • stimulate immune system to adapt to new pathogens and build resistance
  • widespread/herd immunity: eradicates diseases
101
Q

chronic disease

A
  • non-reversible pathology
102
Q

malnutrition and obesity

A
  • lack of nutrients = underdevelopment
103
Q

forensic anthropology

A

study that uses skeletal biology, osteology, and anatomy to identify age, sex, stature, and trauma

ANT100 MIDTERM (2 decks)

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