biological rhythms and endogenous pacemakers and exogenous zeitgebers pace makers Flashcards

1
Q

what is a biological rhythm?

A

a change in body processes or behaviour in response to cyclical changes within the environment

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2
Q

what are infradian rhythms?

A

cycles that last more than 24 hours

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3
Q

what are examples of infradian rhythms?

A

menstrual cycle
SAD (seasonal depressive disorder)

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4
Q

explain the menstrual cycle

A
  • governed by monthly changes in hormone levels that regulate ovulation
  • cycle= time between woman’s period (1st day) to the day before her next period (typical cycles 28 days)
  • increase levels of oestrogen causes egg to be released from ovary (ovulation)
  • after ovulation progesterone= wombs lining grow thicker and ready for pregnancy if no pregnancy= egg absorbed in body and womb lining leaves body (menustration)
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5
Q

menstrual cycle - what’s the McClintock effect?

A
  • McClintock observed synchronisation of menstrual cycles with uni friends
  • asked 135 college girls living in dorms to recall their period start at 3 times during achademic year
  • close friend group- periods were on average 6.4 days apart in October (start of academic year) and 4.6 days apart in April (end of achademic year)
  • attributed to pheromones (chemical signals that can influence infradian rhythms) to acting as an external zeitgeber
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6
Q

Stern and McClintock study on altering menstrual cycle pheromones.

A
  • 29 women with history of irregular periods
  • 9 provided pheromone samples from different cycle stages (wore cotton pad under armpit for 8 hours)
    —> day 1 other 20 women smelled the pads from day 1, day 2 smelled day 2 pads etc
    —> 68% of the 20 women experienced cycle changes in line with ‘donor’
    —> suggests pheromones influences us and act as external zeitgebers
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7
Q

eval of Stern and McCluntock study

A
  • small sample size and self-report methods= lowers validity and demand characteristics ?
  • critics say factors like stress and diet also impact cycle (confounding variables) so synchronisation could have just been a coincidence /chance
    —> other studies (Travathan et al) found no evidence of menstrual synchrony in all female samples
  • influence of pheromones= has evolutionary value as for ancestors may have been an advantage for all women to fall pregnant around same time= new borns could be cared for collectively and increase their chance of survival—> BUT now not an adaptive strategy
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8
Q

SAD- what is it?

A
  • depressive disorder and mental disorder in DSM-5
  • main symptoms= persistent low mood, lack of interest in life and activity etc
  • ‘winter blues’
  • symptoms triggered during winter months when number of daylight hours drops
    a circannual rhythm as it is subjective to a yearly cycle
  • can be a circadian rhythm as experience of SAD may be due to disrupted sleep-wake cycle and prolonged periods of darkness in winter
  • hormone melatonin implicated in cause of SAD —> during night pineal gland secretes melatonin (hormone that makes us sleepy) until dawn where there’s an increase in light —> in winter lack of light in morning= secretion process continues for longer = knock-on effect on production of serotonin in brain (chemical linked to depressive symptoms)
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9
Q

SAD - eval

A
  • practical applications: phototherapy is used as a treatment (light box that stimulates strong light in morning and evening which resets melatonin levels —> relieved symptoms for 60% of sufferers (Eastman et al) BUT same study found a placebo effect of 30% using a ‘sham negative ion generator’ —> doubt in chemical influence of phototherapy
  • bright light therapy is used to treat SAD
    —> Anderson et al, its effective non-pharmological treatment
  • Lambert et al found serotonin production= directly related to sunlight (rising in increased luminosity) and found blood levels of serotonin metabolite= lowest in winter = low serotonin turnover could link to depression and suggests brain serotonin levels may underlie SAD
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10
Q

what are ultradian rhythms?

A

cycles which occur under 24 hours (less than)

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11
Q

what’s the ultradian rhythm?

A

sleep stages

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12
Q

sleep stages explain each one

A

5 sleep stages totalling 90 mins per cycle
- each stage characterised by different EEG activity
stages 1+2
- light sleep, easily woken, brain waves= become slower (alpha waves) as sleep deepens (theta waves)
stages 3+4
- delta waves= slower and have bigger amplitude than previous waves, deep sleep and hard to wake
stages 5
- rapid eye movement (REM), body paralysed but brain activity is the same as when awake, dreaming occurs

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13
Q

ultradian rhythms eval (research support from Dement and Kleitman)

A
  • evidence from Dement and Kleitman who monitored sleep patterns of 9 adults by EEG. They controlled caffeine and alcohol (extraneous variables)
  • found REM activity correlated to dreaming. Ppts woken during REM gave vivid descriptions of
  • although small sample size used it has been replicated many times and similar findings are found
  • but temporal validity lack as now phone etc may influence ppls ultradian rhythm
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14
Q

what are circadian rhythms?

A

24 hour daily rhythms
e.g. sleep wake cycle and core body temperature

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15
Q

summarise what you mean by sleep wake cycle

A

we feel drowsy at night and alert during day= demonstrates effect of light and that we have a circadian cycle that corresponds to length of day on earth —> BUT could change if leave clock to its own devices (free running)

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16
Q

circadian rhythms- Siffres cave study

A
  • 1962 a french cave explorer (michael Siffre) spent 2 months living in an isolation in a subterranean cave (no access to clock, sun, calendar)
  • he only ate when body told him to
  • goal was to discover natural rhythms of human life would be affected by living ‘beyond time’ (free running)
  • light came on when he woke and off when he slept
  • he settled into a sleep-wake cycle of 25-30 hours (beyond usual 24 hours) —> sleep-wake cycle had become desynchronised
17
Q

circadian rhythms- Aschoff and Wever bunker study

A
  • placed ppts in a WW11 bunker for 4 weeks with no natural light
  • all but one displayed a circadian rhythm of 24-25 hours
    —> suggests natural sleep- wake cycle may be slightly longer than 24 hours but is entrained by exogenous zeitgebers associated with our 24 hour day (e.g. number of daylight hours, mealtimes etc)
18
Q

why shouldn’t we overestimate influence of exogenous zeitgebers on our internal body clock? who found evidence for this?

A

Folkard et al- studied 12 ppl who lived in a dark cave for 3 weeks they sped up they’re clocks to 22 hours a day without ppts knowing, and ppts had to go to bed at 7:45am and wake up at 11:45pm
—> only one ppt could comfortably adjust to the pace of clock= suggests strength of endogenous pacemakers and that exogenous zeitgebers cannot easily override them

19
Q

what did Siffre and Aschoff and Wevers studies suggest?

A

suggests we have an internal body clock but in absence of exogenous zeitgebers our sleep-wake cycle is actually slightly longer than 24 hours

20
Q

who disagreed with the suggestions of Siffres, Aschoff and Wever studies?

A
  • Czeisler et al
  • he argues that the use of bright lights are highly artificial and equivalent to powerful drugs —> therefore it must be exogenous zeitgebers (light and social cues) that keep out body in check within 24 hour day
21
Q

eval point 1 of circadian rhythms

A
  • knowledge = we can understand consequences of disruption of them —> practical applications to shift work
    —> night workers experience period of reduced concentration at around 6am (circadian trough) so accidents etc are more likely (Boiwin et al) —> also Knultson found issues with shift work and poor health (3x more linked due to stress of adjusting sleep-wake cycle) —> economic implications on how to best manage worker productivity
22
Q

eval point 2 circadian rhythms

A
  • practical application - drug treatments
    —> Baraldo and research found there’s certain peak times when drugs are most effective as circadian rhythms co-ordinate body processes (heart rate etc)= now guidelines on timing of drug dosing for anticancer etc
23
Q

eval point 3 circadian rhythms

A
  • use of case studies (Siffre)= not generalisable he was 60 so age may influence results + Siffre used artificial lighting (poor control) and as Czeisler suggested light impacts biological rhythms= lowers ecological validity
24
Q

eval point 4 circadian rhythms

A
  • Aschoff and Wever used a small sample size
25
Q

eval point 5 circadian rhythms

A
  • individual differences impact time ppl go to bed —> Duffy et al said some ppl have natural preference to go to bed early and rise early (‘larks’) and others prefer the opposite (‘owls’) —> also age differences in sleep-cycle patterns)
26
Q

what are endogenous pacemakers?

A

internal body clocks that regulate biological rhythms e.g. suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) on sleep-wake cycle

27
Q

what is the SCN?

A

a bundle of nerve cells in hypothalamus in each hemisphere of brain
- influential in maintaining sleep-wake cycle
- nerve cells connected to eye across optic chiasm in way to visual area of cerebral cortex
—> SCN= just above optic chiasm —> SCN receives info about light from the optic chiasm (even when eyes are closed)= enables biological clock to adjust to changing patterns of light whilst asleep)

28
Q

animal studies and SCN- Patricia Decoursey et al

A
  • Patricia destroyed SCN connections in brains of 30 chipmunks who were returned to natural habitat and observed for 80 days —> their sleep-wake cycle significantly changed by end and lots were killed by predators as awake at vulnerable times
29
Q

animal studies and SCN- Martin Ralph et al

A

Martin bred ‘mutant hamsters’ with 20 hour sleep-wake cycle —> when SCN cells from foetal tissue in hamsters was transplanted to normal hamsters brains = their cycles also defaulted to 20 hours

30
Q

what are the animal studies on SCN evidence of and an eval point on them

A
  • evidence of power of SCN on sleep-wake cycle
  • eval- can’t generalise findings of animals to humans and poor ethics (animals were harmed and killed)
31
Q

what happens at pineal gland?

A
  • it receives info from SCN on day length and light that it receives
  • during the night pineal gland then increases production of melatonin (a chemical that induces sleep) and is inhibited during periods of wakefulness
32
Q

what are exogenous zeitgebers?

A
  • external cues that may affect or entrain our biological rhythms
33
Q

what does zeitgebers mean?

A

‘time-giver’

34
Q

what are the exogenous zeitgebers?

A

light
social cues

35
Q

explain the exogenous zeitgeber light

A

light can reset body’s main endogenous pacemaker, the SCN= plays role in sleep-wake cycle
- light has indirect influence on body processes that control functions like hormone secretion and blood circulation

36
Q

what did campbell and murphy’s study show on the exogenous zeitgeber light?

A
  • study showed that light may be detected by skin receptor sites on body when when info wasn’t shone on their eyes
  • 15 sleeping ppts woken at various times and a light pad was shone on back of their knees—> there was a deviation of up to 3 hours on their usual sleep-wake cycle—> suggests light is powerful and may not need eyes to exert its influence on the brain
    ISSUE with study= small sample size and not replicated so lacks reliability etc
37
Q

explain the exogenous zeitgeber social cues

A
  • infants= seldom on same sleep-wake cycle as family —> initially their sleep-wake cycle is random at around 6 weeks age circadian rhythms start and by 16 weeks most babies are entrained
  • schedules on parents= key influence e.g. determine meal and bed times
  • adapting to local times for eating and sleeping (rather than responding to your own feelings)= entrain your circadian rhythms and beat jet lag
38
Q

exogenous zeitgebers and endogenous pacemakers eval part1

A
  • biologically reductionist as other factors e.g. stress etc influence sleep
  • ppl can fall asleep in light = may not be as important as research suggests
  • Diomala et al showed that changing feeding patterns in mice could alert circadian rhythms in liver by 12 hours inhibit leaving SCN rhythm unaffected —> suggests there’s otehr complex influences on sleep-wake cycle aside the SCN
39
Q

exogenous zeitgebers and endogenous pacemakers eval part 2

A
  • Shere and Amendt found that blind ppl with some light perception have normal circadian rhythms where as blind ppl with no light perception have irregular rhythms —> evidence of importance of light for internal sleep-wake cycle
  • Campbell and Murphy= study can’t be replicated and the way which study was conducted = there may have been some limited light exposure to ppts eyes (extraneous variable) = lowers validity
  • only have been a few circumstances where endogenous pacemakers been left free running e.g. Siffres cave study—> total isolation studies= extremely rare and therefore may be judged as lacking validity