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Biological Rhythms & Sleep > Biological Rhythms and Biological Clocks > Flashcards

Biological Rhythms and Biological Clocks Flashcards

1
Q

Biological rhythms

A

Any biological processes that repeat themselves at regular intervals

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2
Q

What is the name for rhythms &laquo_space;24 hours?

A

Ultradian

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3
Q

What is the name for rhythms ~= 24 hours?

A

Daily

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4
Q

What is the name for rhythms&raquo_space; 24 hours?

A

Infradian

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5
Q

What are the 4 “circa” rhythms?

A
  • Circadian
  • Circatidal
  • Circalunar
  • Circannual
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6
Q

What is the length of circadian rhythms?

A

24 hours

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7
Q

What is the length of circatidal rhythms?

A

12.5 hours

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8
Q

What is the length of circalunar rhythms?

A

29.5 days

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9
Q

What is the length of circannual rhythms?

A

~ 1 year

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10
Q

Is a circatidal rhythm ultradian or infradian?

A

Ultradian

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11
Q

Is a circalunar rhythm ultradian or infradian?

A

Infradian

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12
Q

Is a circannual rhythm ultradian or infradian?

A

Infradian

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13
Q

In the absence of external environmental cycles, the fact that circa rhythms persist has what 2 implications?

A
  • That the rhythm must be generated by an internal, endogenous timekeeping device
  • Signals from the environment somehow impact the biological clock, keeping it synced to the environmental cycle
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14
Q

How is it determined whether a daily rhythm is also circadian?

A

It must persist without ~ 24 hour environmental cycles (like light/dark)

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15
Q

Period (tau)

A

Duration of a cycle (equal to the wavelength)

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16
Q

Phase (phi)

A

A point on the cycle

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17
Q

How are the daily active and rest phases abbreviated?

A

Alpha and rho

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18
Q

Amplitude

A

The difference between the peak and trough of a rhythm, or between the peak and mean of the rhythm

19
Q

Phase difference (psi)

A

The difference in time between two phases

20
Q

Zeitgeber

A

Any periodic stimulus that can entrain a circadian rhythm

21
Q

Zeitgeber time

A

External time (usually 24 hours)

22
Q

Photoperiod

A

Duration of lights on

23
Q

Scotoperiod

A

Duration of lights off

24
Q

Are circadian rhythms “innate”? Why or why not?

A

Yes, because they do not require exposure to an environmental cycle in order to develop

25
Q

What are two characteristics of “circa” rhythms?

A
  • Under natural conditions, they are synchronized to major geophysical cycles in the environment
  • Under artificial conditions, they persist within a period that approximates that of the corresponding geophysical environment
26
Q

What is the name for animals that are primarily day active?

A

Diurnal

27
Q

What is the name for animals that are primarily night active?

A

Nocturnal

28
Q

What is the name for animals that are primarily dawn-and-dusk active?

A

Crepuscular

29
Q

Oscillator

A

A device that produces a rhythm

30
Q

Who coined the word “circadian”?

A

Franz Halberg

31
Q

What are the possible explanations for the early appearance of circadian clocks?

A
  • The need to shield certain biochemical processes from ionizing solar radiation
  • Coordinating the activity of cellular antioxidant mechanisms with daily metabolic cycles
  • The need to separate incompatible biochemical processes
32
Q

What are the two primary functions of circadian clocks?

A
  • Coordination of the organism with the outside work

- Coordination of internal biochemical and physiological processes

33
Q

What type of organisms typically lack circadian rhythms of behaviour and sometimes lack circadian rhythms of gene expression?

A

Caverniculus organisms (cave dwelling)

34
Q

Zeitgedächtnis

A

Time memory

35
Q

Homeostasis

A

The regulation of vital physiological functions within certain optimal limits

36
Q

What is the evidence that the source of circadian rhythms is endogenous and innate?

A
  • Circadian rhythms persist in constant conditions, with a period usually slightly different from 24 hours
  • Rhythms develop normally in the absence of external cycles
  • Period differs within AND between species in same environment
  • Period can be selected by breeding, altered by gene mutations, eliminated by gene knockout
  • Period changes with age and internal hormonal state
37
Q

What are the reasons for studying circadian rhythms?

A
  • Understanding motivation
  • Research design
  • Neurobiology of time
  • Behavioural ecology
  • Shiftwork effects and solutions
  • Sleep disorders
  • Psychopathology
  • Aging and dementia
  • Medicine
  • Interest
38
Q

In IMAGE 1, what does each row represent?

A

A different variable

39
Q

In IMAGE 1, what do the shaded areas represent?

A

Nighttime hours

40
Q

In IMAGE 1, what does a dot on a horizontal line represent?

A

The time of day when the rhythm reaches its peak value

41
Q

In IMAGE 1, what does the bar represent?

A

The standard deviation of the daily peak

42
Q

In IMAGE 2, what is the chart called?

A

An actogram

43
Q

In IMAGE 2, what does each line represent?

A

48 consecutive hours

44
Q

Explain IMAGE 3

A

In the first 20 days, the subject is aware of time cues and goes to sleep at the same time each day, after the cues are removed (after day 21), their bedtime drifts by approx. 1.3 hours each day

Biological Rhythms & Sleep (5 decks)

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