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French 1001 Quiz 3 > Biological processes Exam 1 > Flashcards

Biological processes Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Properties of Life

A

Order, Response to stimuli, reproduction, adaptation, Growth and development, regulation, homeostasis, and energy processing

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2
Q

Atom

A

A particle of matter that uniquely defines a chemical element

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3
Q

Molecule

A

A group of atoms bonded together

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4
Q

Macromolecules

A

A molecule containing a very large amount of atoms

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5
Q

organelles

A

A subcellular structure that has one or more specific jobs to perform in the cell

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6
Q

cell

A

The smallest structural and functional unit of an organism

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7
Q

prokaryotes

A

microscopic single-celled organism that has neither a distinct nucleus wit a membrane nor other specialized organelles, bacteria

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8
Q

Eukaryotes

A

any cell or organism that possesses a clearly defined nucleus

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9
Q

Organs

A

A collection of tissue that structurally forms a functional unit specialized to perform a particular function

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10
Q

organ system

A

a group of organs that work together in the body to perform a complex function

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11
Q

organism

A

Any living biological entity, such as an animal, plant, fungus, or bacterium

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12
Q

population

A

the total of individuals occupying an area

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13
Q

Community

A

an interacting group of various species in a shared/common location

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14
Q

Ecosystem

A

A community of living organisms in a particular area

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15
Q

Biosphere

A

the region of the earth that encompasses all living organisms: plants, animals, and bacteria

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16
Q

Taxonomic system in the order of most to least inclusive

A

Domain, Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species, and strain

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17
Q

Three domains of life

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

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18
Q

The binomial name of our species

A

Homo sapiens

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19
Q

Molecular biology

A

deals with the structure and function of the macromolecules (proteins and nucleic acids)

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20
Q

Microbiology

A

Deals with microorganisms

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21
Q

neurobiology

A

deals with nervous system

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22
Q

Paleontology

A

concerned with fossil animals and plants

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23
Q

zoology

A

study of the behavior, structure, physiology, classification, and distribution of animals

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24
Q

biotechnology

A

technology that utilizes biological systems, living organisms or parts of this to develop or create different products

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25
Q

Ecology

A

the study of organisms and how they interact with the environment around them

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26
Q

physiology

A

studies the functioning of all living organisms, and the functions of their constituent tissues or cells

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27
Q

scientific method

A

the process of objectively establishing facts through testing and experimentation

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28
Q

hypothesis

A

reasonable explanation that can be tested

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29
Q

scientific theory

A

thoroughly tested and accepted explanations for a set of observations and phenomena

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30
Q

scientific laws

A

mathematical descriptions of predictable behavior of energy or matter

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31
Q

life sciences

A

biology, botany, zoology, biochemistry, micrcobiology

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32
Q

physical sciences

A

The study of the inorganic world

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33
Q

Inductive reasoning

A

many, similar observations support a broad conclusion, descriptive science ex. all organisms are composed of cells, risks of inductive reasoning*

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34
Q

deductive reasoning

A

General idea used to inform and test specific questions, Hypothesis based- tentative explanation (hypothesis is formed), an experiment designed around “if.., then..”

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35
Q

Observation

A

to notice whats going on through your senses

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36
Q

prediction

A

what someone thinks will happen

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37
Q

falsifiable

A

able to be proven false

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38
Q

variable

A

any factor, trait, or condition that can exist in differing amounts or types

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39
Q

control

A

placebo and double-blind

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40
Q

Applied science

A

used to apply existing scientific knowledge to develop more practical applications

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41
Q

peer-reviewed articles

A

The peer review process subjects an authors scholarly work, research, or ideas to the scrutiny of others who are experts in the field

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42
Q

Matter

A

anything that takes up space or can be weighed

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43
Q

Elements

A

A substance that cannot be broken down into another substance

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44
Q

How many elements have been defined

A

116

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45
Q

How many elements occur naturally and how many are man-made

A

92 occur naturally, 24 manmade

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46
Q

Atoms

A

A particle of matter that uniquely defiens a chemical element

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47
Q

Protons

A

An atomic particle that occurs in the nucleus of an everyday atom and carries a positive charge equal to the negative charge of an electron

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48
Q

Neutron

A

an uncharged atomic particle that has the mass nearly equal of the proton

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49
Q

Electron

A

A negativley charged subatomic particle that can be eother bound to an atom or free

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50
Q

Atomic number

A

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

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51
Q

Mass number

A

The total number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus

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52
Q

Periodic table of elements

A

Organizes all discovered chemical elements in rows and columns according to increasing atomic number

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53
Q

Isotopes

A

A class of antibodies thats determined by it’s heavy chain constant region

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54
Q

radioisotopes

A

A radioactive isotope

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55
Q

Explain the basics of carbon dating

A

The Determination of the age or date of organic matter from the relative proportions of the carbon isotopes carbon -12 and 14

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56
Q

Octet rule

A

The tendency of atoms to prefer to have 8 electrons in the valence shell

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57
Q

Ions

A

An atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons

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58
Q

Cations

A

A positively charged ion

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59
Q

anion

A

A negatively charged Ion

60
Q

electron transfer

A

A reaction in which a single electron is transferred from one molecule to another

61
Q

ionic bond

A

A form of chemical connection in which one atom loses valence electrons and gains them from another

62
Q

polar covalent

A

A covalent bond in which the electron density is unevenly shared between the two bonded atoms, due to a difference in electronegativity or due to inductive effects

63
Q

nonpolar covalent

A

A type of chemical bond that is formed when electrons are shared equally between two atoms

64
Q

hydrogen bonds

A

An attraction between two atoms that already participate in other chemical bonds

65
Q

Van der Waals interaction

A

A distance-dependent interaction between atoms or molecule

66
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Having a tendency to mix with, dissolve in, or be wetted by water

67
Q

hydrophobic

A

tending to repel or fail to mix with water

68
Q

Temperature

A

A degree or intensity of heat present in a subject or an object

69
Q

Evaporation

A

A process of turning liquid into vapor

70
Q

Solvent

A

Able to dissolve other substances

71
Q

Solute

A

A substance that is dissolved in a substance

72
Q

Cohesion

A

The sticking together of particles of the same substance

73
Q

Surface tension

A

The tension of the surface of liquid that allows it to resist an external force, due to the cohesive nature of it’s molecules

74
Q

Adhesion

A

The attraction of molecues of one kind to molecules of a different kind

75
Q

Acidic

A

Containing a high percentage of silica

76
Q

Alkaline

A

Describes a chemical that produces hydroxide ions, basic opposite of acidic

77
Q

Neutral

A

Having neither acid or basic properties

78
Q

Acids

A

Any hydrogen-containing substance that is capable of donating a proton

79
Q

Bases

A

A substance that can neutralize the acid by reacting with hydrogen ions

80
Q

Buffers

A

Organic substances tat maintain a constant pH over a given range by neutralizing the effects of hydrogen ions

81
Q

Briefly explain the buffering system used in the human body that involves carbon dioxide

A

Carbon Acid-Bicarbonate Offer system, Maintaining Ph homeostasis of blood

82
Q

Four major classes of Biological molecules

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acid

83
Q

How many electrons are there in carbon outer shell

A

four

84
Q

What is the simplest organic carbon molecule?

A

Methane

85
Q

Four elements that carbon will bond to

A

oxygen, sulfur,nitrogen, chlorine

86
Q

What is the ratio of carbon to hydrogen atoms in carbohydrates?

A

1:2:1

87
Q

List three monosaccharides, and how they differ from each other

A

Glucose-aldoses
Galactose-aldoses
fructose-ketone
they have different structres

88
Q

monosaccharides

A

Any class of sugar that cannot be hydrolyzed to give a simpler sugar

89
Q

Disaccharides

A

SUagr formed when two monos. are joined by glycosidic linkage

90
Q

List three common disaccharides and give the names of the monosaccharides that make up each one

A

Sucrose- Glucose-frucose
lactose- galactose-glucose
Maltose-GLucose-glucose

91
Q

Polysaccharide

A

A CARBOHYDRATE, STARCH

92
Q

Starch

A

A carbohydrate that is the chief form of stored energy in plants

93
Q

Glycogen

A

A from of glucose, main source of energy that your body stores primarily in your liver and muscles

94
Q

Cellulose

A

A complex carbohydrate that is chief part of the cel walls of plants

95
Q

Chitin

A

A linear polysaccharide of the amino sugar

96
Q

What is the feature that is common to all lipids?

A

Nonpoar molecules

97
Q

Why do cells store lipids as fats?

A

To store energy in the form of fatty acids

98
Q

An example of lipids

A

Butter, cheese, waxes, steriods

99
Q

What are the components of a fat molecule?

A

A glycerol backbone and three fatty acid tails

100
Q

Why are trans fats not ideal for the human diet?

A

It raises bad cholesterol and lowers good cholesterol

101
Q

What are essential fatty acids?

A

omega-6,omega-3, lionleic acids

102
Q

What are good sources of omega 3 fatty acids and why are they important

A

fish and other seafood, help build and maintain a healthy body

103
Q

phospholipids

A

A barrier to protect the cell against various environmental insults

104
Q

What are proteins

A

large, complex, molecules that play many roles in the body

105
Q

Enzymes

A

Proteins that help speed up metabolism or the chemical reactions in our bodies

106
Q

hormones

A

Chemical substances that act like messenger molecules in the body

107
Q

denaturation

A

to take away or alter the natural qualities of

108
Q

amino acids

A

the building blocks of proteins

109
Q

polypeptide

A

a continuos, unbranched chain of amino acids joined by peptide bonds

110
Q

Primary structure

A

The sequence of amino acids inked together to form polypeptide chain

111
Q

secondary structure

A

the shape in which a long polypeptide chain can exist

112
Q

quaternary structures

A
113
Q

What are the two main types of nucleic acids?

A
114
Q

Nucleotides

A
115
Q

Explain the double-helical structure of DNA

A
116
Q

Images of cells taken with a microscope are called

A
117
Q

Two student lab microscopes

A
118
Q

How many times can a light microscope magnify an image?

A
119
Q

How do electron microscopes differ from light microscopes?

A
120
Q

Three principles of the unified cell theory

A
121
Q

A simple, single-celled organism that lacks a nucleus or other membrane organelles

A
122
Q

Explain how a eukaryotic cell differs from a prokaryotic cell

A
123
Q

Exocytosis

A
124
Q

Endocytosis

A
125
Q

phagocytosis

A
126
Q

pinocytosis

A
127
Q

receptor-mediated endocytosis

A
128
Q

how do active transport mechanisms differ from passive transport?

A
129
Q

EHat is an electrochemical gradient

A
130
Q

What is primary active transport, list examples

A
131
Q

What is secondary active transport, examples

A
132
Q

facilitated transport

A
133
Q

osmosis

A
134
Q

Solute

A
135
Q

Tonicity

A
136
Q

Osmolarity

A
137
Q

hypertonic

A
138
Q

hypotonic

A
139
Q

Isotonic

A
140
Q

what is the plasma membrane primarily made of

A
141
Q

Proteins make up the second major component of plasma membranes, briefly list their functions

A
142
Q

Carbohydrates are the third major component of the plasma membrane, describe and contribute to the overall structure of the plasma membrane

A
143
Q

What is selective permeability as it applies to the plasma membrane of cells

A
144
Q

Define passive transport

A
145
Q

IS diffusion passive or an active process, explain

A

French 1001 Quiz 3 (2 decks)

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