Biological processes Exam 1 Flashcards
Properties of Life
Order, Response to stimuli, reproduction, adaptation, Growth and development, regulation, homeostasis, and energy processing
Atom
A particle of matter that uniquely defines a chemical element
Molecule
A group of atoms bonded together
Macromolecules
A molecule containing a very large amount of atoms
organelles
A subcellular structure that has one or more specific jobs to perform in the cell
cell
The smallest structural and functional unit of an organism
prokaryotes
microscopic single-celled organism that has neither a distinct nucleus wit a membrane nor other specialized organelles, bacteria
Eukaryotes
any cell or organism that possesses a clearly defined nucleus
Organs
A collection of tissue that structurally forms a functional unit specialized to perform a particular function
organ system
a group of organs that work together in the body to perform a complex function
organism
Any living biological entity, such as an animal, plant, fungus, or bacterium
population
the total of individuals occupying an area
Community
an interacting group of various species in a shared/common location
Ecosystem
A community of living organisms in a particular area
Biosphere
the region of the earth that encompasses all living organisms: plants, animals, and bacteria
Taxonomic system in the order of most to least inclusive
Domain, Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species, and strain
Three domains of life
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
The binomial name of our species
Homo sapiens
Molecular biology
deals with the structure and function of the macromolecules (proteins and nucleic acids)
Microbiology
Deals with microorganisms
neurobiology
deals with nervous system
Paleontology
concerned with fossil animals and plants
zoology
study of the behavior, structure, physiology, classification, and distribution of animals
biotechnology
technology that utilizes biological systems, living organisms or parts of this to develop or create different products
Ecology
the study of organisms and how they interact with the environment around them
physiology
studies the functioning of all living organisms, and the functions of their constituent tissues or cells
scientific method
the process of objectively establishing facts through testing and experimentation
hypothesis
reasonable explanation that can be tested
scientific theory
thoroughly tested and accepted explanations for a set of observations and phenomena
scientific laws
mathematical descriptions of predictable behavior of energy or matter
life sciences
biology, botany, zoology, biochemistry, micrcobiology
physical sciences
The study of the inorganic world
Inductive reasoning
many, similar observations support a broad conclusion, descriptive science ex. all organisms are composed of cells, risks of inductive reasoning*
deductive reasoning
General idea used to inform and test specific questions, Hypothesis based- tentative explanation (hypothesis is formed), an experiment designed around “if.., then..”
Observation
to notice whats going on through your senses
prediction
what someone thinks will happen
falsifiable
able to be proven false
variable
any factor, trait, or condition that can exist in differing amounts or types
control
placebo and double-blind
Applied science
used to apply existing scientific knowledge to develop more practical applications
peer-reviewed articles
The peer review process subjects an authors scholarly work, research, or ideas to the scrutiny of others who are experts in the field
Matter
anything that takes up space or can be weighed
Elements
A substance that cannot be broken down into another substance
How many elements have been defined
116
How many elements occur naturally and how many are man-made
92 occur naturally, 24 manmade
Atoms
A particle of matter that uniquely defiens a chemical element
Protons
An atomic particle that occurs in the nucleus of an everyday atom and carries a positive charge equal to the negative charge of an electron
Neutron
an uncharged atomic particle that has the mass nearly equal of the proton
Electron
A negativley charged subatomic particle that can be eother bound to an atom or free
Atomic number
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
Mass number
The total number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus
Periodic table of elements
Organizes all discovered chemical elements in rows and columns according to increasing atomic number
Isotopes
A class of antibodies thats determined by it’s heavy chain constant region
radioisotopes
A radioactive isotope
Explain the basics of carbon dating
The Determination of the age or date of organic matter from the relative proportions of the carbon isotopes carbon -12 and 14
Octet rule
The tendency of atoms to prefer to have 8 electrons in the valence shell
Ions
An atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons
Cations
A positively charged ion
anion
A negatively charged Ion
electron transfer
A reaction in which a single electron is transferred from one molecule to another
ionic bond
A form of chemical connection in which one atom loses valence electrons and gains them from another
polar covalent
A covalent bond in which the electron density is unevenly shared between the two bonded atoms, due to a difference in electronegativity or due to inductive effects
nonpolar covalent
A type of chemical bond that is formed when electrons are shared equally between two atoms
hydrogen bonds
An attraction between two atoms that already participate in other chemical bonds
Van der Waals interaction
A distance-dependent interaction between atoms or molecule
Hydrophilic
Having a tendency to mix with, dissolve in, or be wetted by water
hydrophobic
tending to repel or fail to mix with water
Temperature
A degree or intensity of heat present in a subject or an object
Evaporation
A process of turning liquid into vapor
Solvent
Able to dissolve other substances
Solute
A substance that is dissolved in a substance
Cohesion
The sticking together of particles of the same substance
Surface tension
The tension of the surface of liquid that allows it to resist an external force, due to the cohesive nature of it’s molecules
Adhesion
The attraction of molecues of one kind to molecules of a different kind
Acidic
Containing a high percentage of silica
Alkaline
Describes a chemical that produces hydroxide ions, basic opposite of acidic
Neutral
Having neither acid or basic properties
Acids
Any hydrogen-containing substance that is capable of donating a proton
Bases
A substance that can neutralize the acid by reacting with hydrogen ions
Buffers
Organic substances tat maintain a constant pH over a given range by neutralizing the effects of hydrogen ions
Briefly explain the buffering system used in the human body that involves carbon dioxide
Carbon Acid-Bicarbonate Offer system, Maintaining Ph homeostasis of blood
Four major classes of Biological molecules
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acid
How many electrons are there in carbon outer shell
four
What is the simplest organic carbon molecule?
Methane
Four elements that carbon will bond to
oxygen, sulfur,nitrogen, chlorine
What is the ratio of carbon to hydrogen atoms in carbohydrates?
1:2:1
List three monosaccharides, and how they differ from each other
Glucose-aldoses
Galactose-aldoses
fructose-ketone
they have different structres
monosaccharides
Any class of sugar that cannot be hydrolyzed to give a simpler sugar
Disaccharides
SUagr formed when two monos. are joined by glycosidic linkage
List three common disaccharides and give the names of the monosaccharides that make up each one
Sucrose- Glucose-frucose
lactose- galactose-glucose
Maltose-GLucose-glucose
Polysaccharide
A CARBOHYDRATE, STARCH
Starch
A carbohydrate that is the chief form of stored energy in plants
Glycogen
A from of glucose, main source of energy that your body stores primarily in your liver and muscles
Cellulose
A complex carbohydrate that is chief part of the cel walls of plants
Chitin
A linear polysaccharide of the amino sugar
What is the feature that is common to all lipids?
Nonpoar molecules
Why do cells store lipids as fats?
To store energy in the form of fatty acids
An example of lipids
Butter, cheese, waxes, steriods
What are the components of a fat molecule?
A glycerol backbone and three fatty acid tails
Why are trans fats not ideal for the human diet?
It raises bad cholesterol and lowers good cholesterol
What are essential fatty acids?
omega-6,omega-3, lionleic acids
What are good sources of omega 3 fatty acids and why are they important
fish and other seafood, help build and maintain a healthy body
phospholipids
A barrier to protect the cell against various environmental insults
What are proteins
large, complex, molecules that play many roles in the body
Enzymes
Proteins that help speed up metabolism or the chemical reactions in our bodies
hormones
Chemical substances that act like messenger molecules in the body
denaturation
to take away or alter the natural qualities of
amino acids
the building blocks of proteins
polypeptide
a continuos, unbranched chain of amino acids joined by peptide bonds
Primary structure
The sequence of amino acids inked together to form polypeptide chain
secondary structure
the shape in which a long polypeptide chain can exist
quaternary structures
What are the two main types of nucleic acids?
Nucleotides
Explain the double-helical structure of DNA
Images of cells taken with a microscope are called
Two student lab microscopes
How many times can a light microscope magnify an image?
How do electron microscopes differ from light microscopes?
Three principles of the unified cell theory
A simple, single-celled organism that lacks a nucleus or other membrane organelles
Explain how a eukaryotic cell differs from a prokaryotic cell
Exocytosis
Endocytosis
phagocytosis
pinocytosis
receptor-mediated endocytosis
how do active transport mechanisms differ from passive transport?
EHat is an electrochemical gradient
What is primary active transport, list examples
What is secondary active transport, examples
facilitated transport
osmosis
Solute
Tonicity
Osmolarity
hypertonic
hypotonic
Isotonic
what is the plasma membrane primarily made of
Proteins make up the second major component of plasma membranes, briefly list their functions
Carbohydrates are the third major component of the plasma membrane, describe and contribute to the overall structure of the plasma membrane
What is selective permeability as it applies to the plasma membrane of cells
Define passive transport
IS diffusion passive or an active process, explain
