Biological Processes Flashcards by Liz Schaner

Which of the following would not occur during sympathetic stimulation?
A. secretion of glucagon
B. dilation of bronchioles
C. dilation of intestinal blood vessels
D. dilation of pupils

C. Dilation of intestinal blood vessels increases under parasympathetic stimulation

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Which of the following would increase the pH of blood?
A. severe damage to the kidneys
B. digestion of a big meal
C. increase in anaerobic respiration
D. increase of the blood pCO2

B. During digestion, parietal cells in the stomach generate HCl in exchange for bicarbonate which enters the blood plasma, increasing pH

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Which of the following yields the least ATP directly?
A. TCA cycle
B. oxidative phosphorylation
C. glycolysis
D. beta oxidation

A. TCA yields 2 GTPs which can be converted into ATP, oxidative phosphorylation yields 32-24 ATP, glycolysis yields 2 ATP, beta oxidation yields over 100 ATP

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The T-tubules transmit an action potential, causing the opening of \_\_\_\_\_\_ channels in the \_\_\_\_\_.
A. Na+, sarcoplasm
B. Ca2+, sarcoplasmic reticulum
C. Na+, sarcoplasmic reticulum
D. Ca2+, sarcoplasm

B. The T-tubules conduct action potentials that cause channels to open on the surface of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The opening of these channels results in a release of Ca2+ into muscle fibers

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Which of the following decompose disaccharides into monosaccharides?
A. salivary amalyse
B. pancreatic enzymes
C. gastrin
D. brush border enzymes

D. Disaccharides such as sucrose, maltose, and lactose are broken down further in the small intestine by way of brush border enzymes

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Which of the following does hemoglobin bond most strongly with?
A. oxygen
B. carbon dioxide
C. carbon monoxide
D. hydrogen

C. the iron in hemoglobin forms the strongest bond to carbon monoxide because of donating additional electrons

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Which of the following is not secreted by the hypothalamus?
A. glucocorticoids
B. GnRH
C. dopamine
D. GHIH

A. Glucocorticoids are steroids synthesized and secreted by the adrenal cortex

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A virtual phage is one which infects via:
A. lysogenic cycle
B. phagocytosis
C. immunoglobins
D. lytic cycle

D. The lytic cycle is the process by which a phage DNA replicates itself via the host cell before causing the cell to lyse and release of the phage’s replications

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Which is not a function of immunoglobins?
A. coagulation
B. assist in phagocytosis
C. attack pathogens
D. labeling of pathogens

C. Antibodies (immunoglobins) perform all of the functions except for directly attacking pathogens. Leukocytes (white blood cells) are responsible for attacking pathogens

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What results in extra or fewer chromosomes in a cell?
A. nondisjunction
B. double replication
C. double cytokinesis
D. epistasis

A. Nondisjunction is when chromosomes do NOT separate during anaphase. Consequently, the resulting cells display an unequal sharing of chromosomes, with some cells having too many and others having too few

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For vision, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ must be converted to \_\_\_\_\_\_ in the cells of the retina.
A. vitamin C, retinal
B. vitamin E, biotin
C. vitamin A, retinal
D. vitamin A, biotin

C. Vitamin A is a precursor of retinal, which is the chemical compound that enables animals to see. Biotin is associated with vitamin B

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Which of the following is involved in hearing?
A. microvilli
B. cilia
C. hair follicles
D. hair cells

D. Hair cells lining the basilar membrane utilize mechanotransduction to detect, amplify, and convert mechanical sound waves into electrical signals. These signals pass through the cochlear nerve to the brain

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Which is not active in bone resorption?
A. osteoblasts
B. osteoclasts
C. nephrons
D. small intestine

A. Bone resorption, the decomposition of bone for absorption of minerals, including calcium, directly involves osteoclasts. Nephrons and the small intestine both absorb released Ca2+. Osteoblasts function to construct, not decompose, bones.

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Which of the following will result if there is a drop in the blood pressure?
A. formation of glucose
B. secretion of insulin
C. secretion of EPO
D. secretion of ANP

C. A drop in BP causes the renal cortex of the kidney to secrete EPO in an effort to increase BP by increasing synthesis of red blood cells.

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Which of the following occurs as a rise in intraocular pressure?
A. inflammation of the cornea
B. glaucoma
C. cataract
D. diabetic retinopathy

B. IOP poses the greatest risk of causing glaucoma. A reduction in the flow and drainage of aqueous humor leads to a rise in IOP. The built up pressure eventually causes glaucoma and optic nerve damage.

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In which nonmembranous compartment are ribosomes made in a eukaryotic cell?
A. nucleus
B. rough ER
C. nucleolus
D. cytoplasm

C. Ribosomes are manufactured inside of the nucleolus. RNA polymerases I and III work together to create ribosomes from rRNA and proteins

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Which of the following lists the correct taxonomic order from most inclusive to least inclusive?
A. kingdom, order, class, species
B. order, family, genus, phylum
C. order, family, genus, species
D. phylum, order, species, genus

C. Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

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Which of the following corresponds to the coding strand of the following mRNA? 5'-GUAACGUACA-3'
A. 5'-GTAACGTCA-3'
B. 5'-CATTGCAGT-3'
C. 5'-ACUGCAAUG-3'
D.5'-TGACGTTAC-3'

A. The coding strand is NOT the complementary strand; it is the strand of DNA which is complementary to the strand from which mRNA is made. The coding strand will have the same sequence of bases as the produced RNA transcript except with thymine instead of uracil.

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5 nucleotide bases

guanine
cytosine
adenine
thymine
uracil

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Which cells make up the insulated wrapping on axons?
A. Schwann cells
B. astrocytes
C. microglia
D. macrocytes

A. Axons are surrounded by insulating cells called Schwann cells. This insulation enables action potentials to travel rapidly throughout the nervous system

Which of the following statements regarding energy production is true?
A. There is a net total of 4 ATP produced in glycolysis
B. The GTP made in the TCA cycle does not become ATP
C. The cell requires energy to move NADH into the mitochondria
D. The net gain of ATP from each NADH is 2

C. Transport of the NADH into the mitochondria in most cases requires 1 ATP. This is the reason that prokaryotes often have a higher yield of ATP per glucose when compared to eukaryotes. Usually 38 ATP are produced per glucose for prokaryotes, and 36 per glucose for eukaryotes

Blood flows from the mitral valve to the \_\_\_\_\_.
A. left atrium
B. aorta
C. right ventricle
D. left ventricle

D. The left atrium connects to the left ventricle by way of the mitral valve. The left ventricle connects to the aorta by way of the aortic valve. Blood flows from the pulmonary veins into the left atrium through the mitral valve (bicuspid valve) to the left ventricle.

A female who is a carrier of an X-linked recessive disability produces an offspring with a normal male. What is the chance a male offspring will have the disability?
A. 0%
B. 25%
C. 50%
D. 100%

C. The situation represent is an Xx female crossed with an XY male. Because the offspring is male XY, the X-chromosome must come from the mother. Consequently, there is a 50% chance of receiving the recessive x-chromosome.

Energy for ATP synthesis is produced primarily by \_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. NADH
B. proton gradient
C. ATP synthase
D. Na+

B. Proton pumps located along the inner mitochondrial membrane enable the passage of H+ across a concentration gradient. These protons pass through ATP synthase in which an axel rotates to combine phosphate with ADP to form ATP. Without the proton gradient, ATP synthase could not create ATP.

``` Which of the listed antibodies is released in response to an allergen? A. IgA B. IgE C. IgG D. IgM ```

B. IgE is the antibody primarily involved in allergic reactions.

``` A cross between red bean RR and a blue bean UU yields all purple beans. How many purple beans would result from a cross between two purple beans? A. 0.25 B. 0.50 C. 0.75 D. all of the offspring ```

B. Use Punnett Squares

``` The release of ________ into the blood would increase the heart rate. A. rennin B. ANP C. norepinephrine D. insulin ```

C. Norepinephrine as well as epinephrine, released by the adrenal glands, stimulates the sympathetic nervous system which increases HR. The sympathetic nervous system is linked to fight-or-flight.

``` Which of the following is not the result of a viral infection? A. genital warts B. Syphilis C. AIDS D. the common cold ```

B. All choices are viral except syphilis which is bacterial

``` The rhythm of the heart is set by the: A. AV node B. SA node C. purkinje fibers D. heart valves ```

B. The sinoatrial node is the main pacemaker of the heart, often initiating cardiac contraction due to generating impulses faster than other pacemaker areas.

The heart will automatically stop if the SA node stops working: A. True B. False

B. Although the SA node is the primary pacemaker of the heart, in the absence of its operation, the AV node will take over at a slower pace

``` Which of the following lacks mitochondria? A. fungi B. protozoan C. bacteria D. amoeba ```

C. Unlike eukaryotes, prokaryotes do not possess organelles (excluding the ribosomes). Bacteria are categorized as prokaryotic and consequently do not possess mitochondria

``` The liver and skeletal muscles have a high storage of: A. glycogen B. glucagon C. ketone bodies D. ammonia ```

A. The liver and skeletal muscles are two of the major glycogen storage sites. The liver contains a high amount in order to regulate blood sugar levels. The skeletal muscles contain a high amount of glycogen in order to satisfy their energy demands.

``` What is the predominant source of progesterone after ovulation? A. the oocyte B. the ovary C. the corpus callosum D. the corpus luteum ```

D. The luteal phase of the menstrual cycle occurs after ovulation which occurs after the follicular phase. Progesterone saturation is highest during the luteal phase, and the corpus luteum is most responsible for this increased amount. The oocyte is an egg, the ovary is a source of progesterone but not the primary, the corpus callosum is the point of juncture between the hemispheres of the brain

``` Which of the following is necessary for the penetration of an egg? A. flagellum B. mitochondria C. acrosome D. centriole ```

C. In order to penetrate an egg, a spermatozoon must bind with the exterior of the egg. This binding takes place by way of acrosome reaction, in which the sperm penetrates the jelly coat of the egg to breach and fuse with the egg plasma membrane.

``` Which is the most inferior structure? A. stomach B. sigmoid colon C. pancreas D. small intestine ```

B. The stomach is superior to both the pancreas and the small intestine which are both superior to the sigmoid colon.

``` Which hormone is released after a meal high in carbohydrates? A. insulin B. glucagon C. EPO D. gherlin ```

A. When the blood stream is over saturated with glucose, the pancreas releases insulin in order to regulate the blood glucose levels.

``` Which of the following does not happen during inflammation? A. release of histamine B. increase of local temperature C. migration of leukocytes D. constriction of blood vessels ```

D. Inflammation causes dilation, not constriction of blood vessels. This dilation of blood vessels is designed to increase permeability across the blood vessels and facilitate mobility of white blood cells and other phages

``` Which of the following is not a result of sympathetic stimulation? A. increase in BP B. increase blood flow to intestines C. increase blood flow to brain D. dilation of pupils ```

B. Sympathetic stimulation, associated with fight-or-flight, results in an increased BP. The blood diverts away from the digestive system in favor of the skin, muscles, and brain.

``` A virus contains all of the following except: A. mitochondria B. RNA C. amino acids D. DNA ```

A. A virus is neither eukaryotic or prokaryotic, but similar to prokaryotes, viruses lack organelles. The are composed primarily of nucleic acids and proteins.

``` Which of the following most recently evolved to its present state? A. pons B. cerebrum C. cerebellum D. medulla oblongata ```

B. The medulla oblongata and the pons make up the brain stem, which evolved earliest. The cerebellum evolved next, followed by the cerebrum.

``` The oxidation of NADH occurs in which of the following? A. glycolysis B. TCA cycle C. ETC D. photosynthesis ```

C. NADH is the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and contains an electron that can be donated in the ETC. In the ETC, NADH is oxidized to NAD+

Why does the lactic acid pathway predominate in anaerobic respiration? A. because the lactic acid can be made into oxygen when needed B. because O2 is needed for the creation of NADH C. because O2 is required for glycolysis D. without O2 there is no electron acceptor for the ETC

D. Lactic acid fermentation, a method of anaerobic respiration, is relied upon to generate energy for cells in the absence of oxygen. However, because oxygen acts as the primary electron acceptor in aerobic respiration, the lactic acid pathway, lacking oxygen, contains no electron acceptor in the process

``` Which pathway accounts for the least amount of ATP generated (by the pathway)? A. glycolysis B. TCA cycle C. ETC D. all have an equal number of ATP made ```

B. The generation of the most to least ATP is as follows: ETC which can produce 32 ATP; glycolysis which produces 2 ATP; and TCA which produces 2 GTP in addition to electron carriers that are used in the ETC fo generate ATP

``` An action potential would travel fastest in: A. unmyelinated, thick axon B. myelinated, thick axon C. unmyelinated, thin axon D. myelinated thin axon ```

B. Axons are thin or thick bundles or nerve fibers. The thicker the axon, the more quickly an action potential will travel through it. Additionally, a myelin sheath functions as an insulator that facilitates the rapid transmission of an action potential

``` Where is the ETC located in bacteria? A. mitochondria B. golgi apparatus C. peroxisome D. plasma membrane ```

D. Eukaryotes house the ETC in their mitochondria, but bacteria, which are prokaryotic, do not possess mitochondria. The ETC in prokaryotic bacteria is located along the cell membrane

``` Which of the following is not made by the pituitary gland? A. ACTH B. ADH C. FSH D. LH ```

B. The list of hormones made by the pituitary gland can be recalled with the mnemonic FLATPOG: FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, GH, MSH, and prolactin. ADH is made by the hypothalamus and is only secreted by the posterior pituitary

``` Which of the following is found in the plasma membrane of a cell? A. phospholipid B. glycoprotein C. cholesterol D. all of the above ```

D. The plasma membrane of a cell is composed of a phopholipid bilayer, a double layer of lipids combined with phosphate groups. They hydrophilic nature of the phosphate heads and the hydrophobic nature of the lipids create a double sided membrane with phosphates on both sides and lipids trapped between.

``` Which of the following should be added to denature a protein all the way back to primary structure? A. reducing agent B. oxidizing agent C. water D. ether ```

A. In order to denature proteins to their primary structure, a reducing agent is necessary to cleave the disulfide bonds in proteins secondary structure

``` What is the role of a nurse cell? A. secrete testosterone B. secrete sperm C. nurture maturing red blood cells D. activate sperm motility ```

C. Nurse cells aid in the maturation of red blood cells. They are macrophages that absorb immature red blood cells and facilitate the growth of red blood cells