Biological Principles and the Science of Zoology Flashcards
what is biology?
Biology is the study of living organisms and their interactions with one another
and their environments.
key characteristics or functions of an organism
order, sensitivity or response to
the environment, reproduction, adaptation, growth and development, regulation, homeostasis, energy
processing, and evolution.
state the order
In single-celled organisms; inside each cell, atoms make up molecules;
these in turn make up cell organelles and other cellular inclusions.
In multicellular organisms,
similar cells form tissues. Tissues, in turn, collaborate to create organs (body structures with a distinct function). Organs work together to form organ systems.
What are the positive response and negative response to stimuli?
Movement toward a stimulus is considered
a positive response, while movement away from a stimulus is considered a negative response.
How do single-celled organisms reproduce?
how about in multicellular organisms?
Single-celled organisms reproduce by first duplicating their DNA, and then dividing it equally as
the cell prepares to divide to form two new cells.
Multicellular organisms often produce specialized
reproductive germline cells that will form new individuals. When reproduction occurs, genes containing DNA are passed along to an organism’s offspring. These genes ensure that the offspring will belong to the same species and will have similar characteristics, such as size and shape.
How do organisms grow and develop?
Organisms grow and develop following specific instructions coded for by their genes. These genes
provide instructions that will direct cellular growth and development, ensuring that a species’ young will grow up to exhibit many of the same characteristics as its parents.
examples of internal functions regulated in an organism
nutrient transport and blood flow.
What is homeostasis (steady state)?
the ability of an organism to maintain constant internal conditions.
What is an atom?
It is the smallest and most fundamental unit of matter. It consists of a nucleus surrounded by electrons. Atoms form molecules.
What is a molecule?
A molecule is a chemical structure consisting of
at least two atoms held together by one or more chemical bonds.
What are macromolecules and give an example
Large molecules that are typically formed by polymerization.
An example of a macromolecule is deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), which contains the instructions for the structure and functioning of all living organisms.
What is a polymer
A large molecule that is made by combining smaller units called monomers, which are simpler than
macromolecules.
What is an organelle and cite examples
Organelles are small structures that exist within cells.
Examples of organelles include mitochondria and chloroplasts, which carry out indispensable functions: mitochondria produce energy to power the cell, while chloroplasts enable green plants to utilize the energy in sunlight to make sugars.
What is cell
the cell itself is the smallest fundamental unit of structure and function in living organisms.
why are viruses not considered living?
Viruses are not made of cells. Although viruses can attack living organisms, cause diseases, and even reproduce, they do not meet the criteria that biologists use to define life.
prokaryotic vs eukaryotic.
Prokaryotes are single-celled or colonial
organisms that do not have membrane-bound nuclei; in contrast, the cells of eukaryotes do have
membrane-bound organelles and a membrane-bound nucleus.
All bacteria and members of Archaea are made of prokaryotic cells (prokaryotes) meanwhile Fungi, plants, and animals are made of eukaryotic cells (eukaryotes).
What is a tissue
groups of similar cells carrying out similar or related functions.
What is an organ
collections of tissues grouped together performing a common function. Organs are present not only in animals but also in plants.
What is an organ system
a higher level of organization that consists of functionally related organs.
