Biological Paradigms Flashcards
What are the two biological paradigms?
- ) Mechanism/atomism
2. ) Vitalism
Life can be completely explained by actions of _______, ________, and ________ forces.
Physical, Chemical and Electrical
What is Mechanism/atomism dervied from?
Materialism and/or scientific exclusionism
Why did Mechanism/atomism come about?
A reaction to antiscientific theological doctrines
What is based on the central dogma of biology?
Mechanism/atomism
Life is complex carbon-based chemistry; DNA ultimately codes for “life” processes
The above phrase represents what?
The central dogma of biology
What paradigm says there is no immaterial component; “only matter, never mind”?
Mechanism/atomism
What paradigm says a living thing is exhaustively composed of inanimate parts; the “whole is equal to the sum of its parts”?
Mechanism/atomism
What paradigm says: life and its functions depend on a “vital influence” which is non-physical in nature?
Vitalism
Which paradigm is dervied from dualism?
Vitalism
(T/F) Vitalism is always a theological doctrine.
False, Vitalism is not necessarily a theological doctrine.
What paradigm states: life = chemistry “animated” by spirit/force, etc…?
Vitalism
What paradigm is an inclusive doctrine, where matter/chemistry + the additional influence of a separate, non-physical entity or field is involved?
Vitalism
What are the two versions or “interpretations” of Vitalism?
- ) Extreme vitalism (naïve vitalism)
2. ) Moderate vitalism (critical vitalism)
What form of Vitalism is explained in the following statement?
The presence, in living systems, of a substantial entity that imparts to the system powers possessed by no inanimate body.
Extreme (naïve) Vitalism
What form of Vitalism states that matter evolves, then spirit animates it “ghost in the machine”
Extreme (naïve) Vitalism
What type of Vitalism can lend itself to theological interpretation?
Extreme naïve Vitalism
What type of Vitalism is being described in the following everyday language?
"a lifeless corpse" "he lost his life" "a cat's nine lives" "life in a test tube" "Frankenstein's monster"
Extreme (naïve) Vitalism
What type of Vitalism states: the immaterial expression (mind) co-evolves with the physical structure; essentially an extension of property dualism?
Moderate Vitalism
What type of Vitalism would say that vital forces are always a part of, never apart from the process of a living thing?
Moderate Vitalism
“Life is an autonomous, mind-like, non-spatial entity that exercise control over organic processes”
-Extreme or Moderate Vitalism?
Moderate
Which type of Vitalism is paralleled in chiropractic philosophy?
Moderate Vitalism
_________ and ________ intelligence are chiropractic’s untestable metaphors for the concept of moderate vitalism.
Universal and Innate
__________, like vitalism, opposes the reduction of biology to physics and chemistry
Organicism
What paradigm is based on the idea of emergent properties in living systems?
Moderate Mechanism
(T/F) Moderate mechanism requires a separate, non-physical entity. Life is not self-organizing and self-maintaining.
False; Moderate mechanism requires no separate, non-physical entity. Life is self-organizing and self-maintaining.
(T/F) Moderate mechanism is neither purely mechanistic nor purely vitalistic?
True
What are the four terms used to describe living humans in chiropractic philosophy?
- ) Self-forming (autopoietic)
- ) Self-organizing (structurally antientropic)
- ) Self-regulating (homeostatic)
- ) Self-repairing (self-healing)
What is a thermodynamic term referring to energy equilibrium?
Entropy
What is a term for ever-growing disorder in the universe over time; proceeding toward disorder/randomness?
Structural Entropy
What is a term for the development of increased order or organization; sometimes termed syntropy (in thermodynamics “enthalpy”)?
Structural Antientropy
