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Biochemistry 2nd Year > Biological Oxidation > Flashcards

Biological Oxidation Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Final stage of cellular respiration?
  2. ETC occurs in?
  3. How many protein complexes? And uses what?
  4. How It generates ATP?
  5. Summarize ETC?
A
  1. ETC
  2. Inner mitochondrial membrane
  3. Complex I —-
    Complex II
    Complex III
    Complex IV

Complex I —- uses NADH
Complex II — uses FADH2

  1. By utilizing the energy stored in proton gradient
  2. The Electron Transport Chain (ETC) is the final stage of cellular respiration, occurring in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It involves a series of protein complexes that transfer electrons from NADH and FADH₂ to oxygen, creating water. As electrons move through the chain, protons are pumped across the membrane, generating a proton gradient. This gradient drives ATP synthase to produce ATP, the main energy currency of the cell. The ETC is essential for efficient energy production in aerobic organisms.
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2
Q
  1. Conditions for ETC?
  2. Final electron acceptor?
  3. Where does ETC, Glycolysis and kreb cycle occur?
  4. What are F1 particles?
  5. Which complex is responsible for ATP synthesis?
  6. Of. NADPH & NADH which one is used for ETC?
A
  1. Aerobic (O2 needed)
  2. O2 (to generate H20)
    • Electron Transport Chain (ETC): Occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
      - Glycolysis: Takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell.
      - Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle): Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.
  4. Knob-like structures on inner surface of inner mitochondrial membrane
    - phosphorylating subunits
    Centres for ATP production
  5. Complex V
  6. NADH —– For ETC
    NADPH —– For Anabolic erxn (e.g fatty acid synthesis, cholesterol synthesis)
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3
Q
  1. What is a flavoprotein?
    Give examples?
  2. Succinate dehydrogenase converts succinate to?
  3. Coenzyme Q is also known as?
  4. It has which side chain?
  5. What is CoQ10?
  6. Coenzyme Q can accept electrons from?
  7. Precursor of coenzyme Q?
  8. Which organisms donot have coenzyme Q?
A
  1. A flavoprotein is a type of protein that contains a flavin molecule, such as flavin mononucleotide (FMN) or flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), as a prosthetic group. These flavin molecules are important for various biological processes, including oxidation-reduction reactions, where they help transfer electrons.

E.g
NADH dehydrogenase (coenzyme FMN )
Succinate dehydrogenase
(Coenzyme FAD)

  1. Fumarate
  2. Ubiquinone
  3. Isoprenoid side chain
  4. Mammalian tissue has a quinone with 10 isoprenoid units which is known as coenzyme Q10
  5. Both Complex I & II
    NADH dehydrogenase (NADH)
    Succinate dehydrogenase (FADH2)
  6. None – directly synthesized in body
  7. Mycobacterium
    Vitamin K performs function of CoQ
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4
Q
  1. What is cytochrome Oxidase?
  2. Only electron carrier the heme of which reacts with O2?
  3. Molecular weight of Cytochrome C?
    How many amino acids?
  4. The order of electrons transport from CoQ to cytochrome?
  5. What are cytochrome? Their structure?
    How does it differ from that of Hb?
  6. Name inherited disorders of ETC?
A
  1. Cytochrome a and cytochrome a3 are collectively called cytochrome oxidase
  2. Cytochrome oxidase
  3. 13,000
    —104
  4. CoQ– b—c1— c —- a—- a3
  5. Congugated proteins containing heme group
    — porphyrin.ring with iron at centre
    – but unlike Hb (where iron is ferrous Fe+2), the iron in cytochrome is alternatively oxidized and reduced (Fe+3 —- Fe+2)
  6. (MELAS)
    Mitochondrial Encephalopathy
    Lactic Acidosis
    Stroke
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5
Q
  1. MELAS are inherited disorders due to deficiency of?
    Caused by?
  2. MELAS are belived to be involved in which diseases?
  3. Fatal Infantile Mitochondrial Myopathy is caused by reduced or absensce?
A
  1. Complex I (NADH–Q oxidoreductase)
    Complex IV ( cytochrome oxidase)
  • mutations in mitochondrial DNA
  1. Alzheimers
    Diabetes mellitus
  2. Oxidoreductases of ETC
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6
Q
  1. How many ATPs produced for (P:O);
    NADH
    FADH2
  2. Name the sites for oxidative phosphorylation in ETC?
  3. Coupling sites for;
    NADH
    FADH2
    And how many protons?
  4. Each ATP gives how many cal of energy?
  5. Give percentage of energy given by NADH oxidation?
A
  1. NADH —— 2.5 (P:O = 2.5)
    FADH2 —— 1.5 (P:O = 1.5)
  2. • oxidation of FMNH2 by CoQ
    • oxidation of cytochrome b by cytochrome c1
    • cytochrome oxidase rxn
  3. NADH —— 3 (Proton = 10)
    FADH2 —— 2 (proton = 6)
    As the first site is by passed
  4. 7.3 Cal
  5. 35% in form of 2.5 ATP
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7
Q
  1. How chemical coupling hypothesis and chemiosmotic hypothesis differ?
  2. What are the functional subunits of ATP synthase?
  3. Composition of F0 subcomplex?
  4. Structure of F1 ATPsynthase?
  5. Proton influx rotates which subunit? And confirmational change in which leads to Atp synthesis?
  6. Confirmations of B subunits?
A
  1. Chemical coupling—- phosphorylated high-energy intermediates produced which synthesize ATP

Chemiosmotic—– proton gradient created which is used by ATP Synthase for ATP

  1. F1 & F0
  2. Composed of channel protein-C to which F1-ATP synthase is attached
  3. Central y-subunit
    Surrounded by alternating 3 alpha & 3 beta subunits
  4. Rotation—- y-subunit
    Confirmational change — B3 subunits
  5. Open (O) (ATP release)
    Loose (L) (ATP & Pi binds)
    Tight (T) (ATP synthesis)
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8
Q
  1. Worlds smallest molecular motor?
  2. Inherited disorders oF ETC or oxidative phosphorylation are inherited from?
  3. Out of mitochondrial DNA and mitochondrial, which one is more susceptible to mutation??
  4. How many polypeptides are required for oxidative phosphorylation? And coded by?
  5. What is laber’s heriditary optic neuropathy?
  6. Pearson and leigh syndrome?
A
  1. Atp synthase
  2. Mother to child
    (Because mitochondrial DNA is inherited by mother, bcz sperm can’t pass on mit.DNA to fertilized ovum)
  3. Mitochondrial DNA —-ten times more susceptible

4.100
13 coded by —- mit. DNA
(& Synthesized in mitochondria)
Rest in nuclear DNA
(In cytoplasm)

  1. An inherited disorder of oxidative phosphorylation
    - mutation in mit.DNA
    - loss of bilateral vision
    - neuroretinal degeneration
  2. Both are inherited disorder of oxidative phosphorylation;
    - Leigh Syndrome: A severe neurological disorder causing developmental delays and muscle weakness, often starting in early childhood.
    - Pearson Syndrome: A rare condition affecting the bone marrow and pancreas, leading to anemia and other health issues, typically beginning in infancy.
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9
Q
  1. Inhibitors of complex
    I, II, III, IV?
  2. most potent inhibitor of ETC?
    Leads to death due to?
  3. Treatment of Cyanide poisoning?by which antidotes? How do they work?
A
  • Complex I:
    Rotenone (fish poison)
    Amytal (barbituate drug)
    Piercidin A (antibiotic)
  • Complex II:
    Malonate
  • Complex III:
    Antimycin A
    British Antilewisite (BAL) (war-gas antidote)
  • Complex IV:
    Cyanide,
    Carbon Monoxide
    Hydrogen sulphide
    Azide

(CO —- react with reduced form of cytochrom
While
Cyanide & Azide —- with oxidized

  • Complex V:
    Oligomycin
  1. Cyanide poisoning
    —tissue asphyxia
  2. Antidotes
    •Amyl Nitrate
    •Sodium Nitrite
    - convert hb to meth.Hb that binds to Cyanide —- cyanomethemoglobin— release cyanide from cytochrome
    •Hydroxycobalamine (a form of vitamin B12)
    - converts cyanide to harmless cyanocobalamine
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10
Q
  1. What are uncouplers?
  2. Give names of uncouplers?
  3. Physiological uncouplers?
  4. Side effect of 2,4-DNP?

5.. what are ionophores?
Name ionophores for K+ ion?

  1. What is Atractyloside? It’s effect on oxidative phosphorylation?
A
  1. That uncouple (unlink) ETC from oxidative phosphorylation
    - disrupt proton gradient
    - increase membrane permeability to H+ (so move back to matrix without Atp synthase)
    - produce heat but No ATP
  2. •2,4 Dinitrophenol (DNP)
    • Dinitrocresol
    • Pentachlorophenol
    • TrifluoroCarconylCyanidePhenylhydrazone (FCCP)
    • Aspirin
    • Thermogenin
    • Thyroxine
    • Long chain free fatty acids
  3. Thyroxine
    Thermogenin (UCP1)
  4. Hyperthermia
  5. Lipophilic substances
    - transport of ion across membrane

For K+;
• Valinomycin
• Gramicidin A
• Nigercin

  1. A plant toxin
    - inhibits adenine Nucleotide Carrier (that carries ADP & ATP)
    -blocks adequate supply of ADP
    So no phosphorylation
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11
Q
  1. Categorize the enzymes of biological oxidation?
  2. Name oxygenases? Categorize?
  3. Examples of hydrogen peroxidases?
  4. Name oxidases?
  5. Name the oxidase that results in production of H2O2 Instead of H20?
  6. Name dehydrogenase?
A
  1. These are oxidoreductases;
    • Oxidases (removes H2 and adds to an O2 proton acceptor)
    •Dehydrogenases (removes H2 but no O2 acceptor)
    •Hydroperoxidases
    •Oxygenases (adds O2 directly)

2 . 2 Categories;
Dioxygenases (true) (adds both O-atom)
E.g;
Homogentisate oxidase
L-tryptophan pyrrolase

Monooxygenases (mixed function)
(Only 1 O- atom added)
E.g;
Cytochrome P450 monoxygenase system of microsomes

  1. Peroxidase
    Catalase
  2. E .g,
    Cytochrome oxidase
    Tyrosinase
    Monoamine oxidase (H2O2 formed instead of H20)

Some flavoproteins;
L-amino acid oxidase (FMN)
Xanthine oxidase (FAD)

  1. Monoamine oxidase
  2. All the cytochromes (b, c1,c) except cytochrome oxidase
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12
Q
  1. What are shuttle pathways? Name them?
  2. Reducing equivalents used by each?
    And ATP produced?
  3. Malate- asparatate shuttle occurz in?
    Creatinine phosphate occur in?
  4. Conversions in malate-aspartate & glycerol-phoshaate shuttle?
  5. Oxaloacetate in mitochondria undergoes transamination with glutamate to give?
  6. In creatinine phosphate shuttle, phosphate moves from??

7.. give cytosolic and mitochondrial isoenzymes of creatine kinase?

A
  1. Transport electrons produced in cytosol from NADH —– to mitochondria
    • Glycerol-Phosphate Shuttle
    • Malate-Aspartate shuttle
    • Creatinine phosphate shuttle
  2. • Glycerol-Phosphate Shuttle —- FADH2 —- 1.5 ATP
    • Malate-Aspartate shuttle —- NADH —- 2.5 ATP
  3. Malate-Aspartate —-
    liver
    Heart
    Creatinine-phosphate
    Skeletal muscle
    Heart

4.
• Glycerol-Phosphate Shuttle
Dihydroacetone phosphate (in cytosol) —– Glycerol-3-Phosphate (move into mitochondria)

• Malate-Aspartate shuttle
Oxaloacetate (in cytosol) —– Malate (move into mitochondria)

  1. Aspartate
    a-ketoglutarate
  2. Mitochondria —- cytosol (opposite to other to shuttles)
  3. Cytosolic
    BB
    MB
    MM
    Mitochondrial
    Ubiquitous
    Sarcomeric
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Biochemistry 2nd Year (9 decks)

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