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Biology > Biological Molecules Part 1 > Flashcards

Biological Molecules Part 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a monomer

A

Smaller units from which larger molecules are made

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2
Q

What is a polymer

A

Molecule made from a large number of monomers joined together

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3
Q

What is a condensation reaction

A

Joins two molecules together with the formation of a chemical bond and involves the elimination of a molecule of water

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4
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction

A

Breaks a chemical bond between two molecules, involves the addition of water

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5
Q

What bond forms between the condensation of two monosaccharides

A

Glycosidic bond

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6
Q

Glucose + Glucose

A

Maltose

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7
Q

Glucose + Fructose

A

Sucrose

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8
Q

Glucose + Galactose

A

Lactose

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9
Q

What is amylose

A

1,4 glycosidic bonds

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10
Q

What is amylopectin

A

1,6d and 1,4 glycosidic bonds
Branched and more terminal ends

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11
Q

Describe the structure and function of starch/ glycogen

A

Insoluble- doesn’t effect water potential
Helical/ coiled - compact
Large molecules- cannot leave cell
Branched- faster enzyme action
Polymer of alpha glucose, joined by glycosidic bond- provides glucose for respiration

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12
Q

What is the difference between glycogen and starch

A

Glycogen has more 1,6 bonds- humans have higher metabolic and respiration rate

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13
Q

Describe the structure of cellulose

A

Polymer of beta glucose
Long and straight chains
Become linked together by many hydrogen bonds to form fibrils
Cellulose chains run parallel to each other
Each other beta glucose is inverted and chains off beta glucose are stacked on top of each other
Collective strength

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14
Q

Explain the difference between starch and cellulose

A

Alpha, beta
Position of hydrogen and hydroxyl groups on carbon atom 1 inverted

Cellulose is made up of B-glucose (monomers) and glycogen is made up of a-glucose (monomers);
Cellulose molecule has straight chain and glycogen is branched;
Cellulose molecule has straight chain and glycogen is coiled: glycogen has 1,4- and 1,6- glycosidic bonds and cellulose has only 1,4- glycosidic bonds;
Ignore ref. to H bonds / microfibrils

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15
Q

Suggest how glycogen acts as a source of of energy

A

Hydrolysed to glucose
Glucose used in repsiration

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16
Q

What is the chemical test for starch

A

Iodine
Turns blue-black

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17
Q

What is the test for reducing sugars

A

Add food sample, add Benedict’s, heat in water bath
Turns red

18
Q

What is the test for non-reducing sugars

A

Heat with Add HCl and neutralise
Benedict’s
Heat
Red

19
Q

Why should you use a colorimeter

A

Standardises Method
Provides a quantitive result
To minimise human error

20
Q

Suggest a method to measure the quantity of reducing sugar

A

Filter and dry the precipitate
Find mass/ weight

21
Q

What is soluble starch

A

Partially hydrolysed starch into shorter chains of alpha glucose
Helps to reduce the size of the starch polymer

22
Q

What allows cellulose to form straight , strong fibres in biological tissues

A

Alternating glycosidic bonds that form on opposite sides of the chain
Due to the position of -oh and -h groups in beta glucose

23
Q

What are the two types of lipids

A

Triglycerides
Phospholipids

24
Q

How are triglycerides formed

A

Condensation
Between one glycerol molecules and three fatty acids
Ester bond
Loos of 3 water molecules

25
Q

Difference between saturated and unsaturated

A

Saturated- no double bonds between carbon atoms
Usually solid at room temperature

26
Q

What is the difference between phospholipids and triglycerides

A

In phospholipids, one of the fatty acids in substituted by a phosphate-containing group

27
Q

What chemical test is use do test for lipids

A

Emulsion
Add ethanol and shake and water
Milky-white emulsion formed

28
Q

What are the properties of triglycerides

A

Source of energy
Waterproofing
Insulation
Protection

29
Q

What are phospholipids for

A

Cell membranes

30
Q

What is the group represented by COOH

A

Carboxyl

31
Q

The scientist expressed their results as percentage of lipid in plasma membrane by mass. Plain how they would find these results

A

Divide mass of each lipid by total mass of all lipids (in that type of cell)
Multiply answer by 100

32
Q

What is needed to break down fat stores

A

Water

33
Q

Why are saturated fats solid at room temeprature

A

Straight unlinked hydrocarbon chain
Molecules stack/ less able to flow around each other

34
Q

Why are triglycerides metabolised

A

Synthesis of new plasma membranes
Converted to other fatty acids (energy storage )
Respired - to genate energy
Converted to transport fat-soluble substances (vitamins)

35
Q

Describe the strucuture of a protein

A

Primary- linear sequence of amino acids - peptide bonds
Secondary - alpha helix, beta pleated- hydrogen bonds between amine and carboxyl
Tertiary - disulfide bridge, ionic, hydrogen between r-groups
Quaternary - two or more polypeptide chains held together by hydrogen bonds

36
Q

What is the tests for proteins

A

Purple/ mauve
Blue if negative

37
Q

Give the structure of collagen

A

3 indetical polypeptide chains
Triple helix
Glycine- smaller
Collective strength of hydrogen bonds

38
Q

Explain how a substrate is broken down by the enzyme

A

-induced model causes active site (of enzyme) to change shape
-binding to form an enzyme-substrate complex
-lowing of activation energy
-conformational/ shape change
-breaking of bonds in substrate
-products no longer fit the active site and so are released

39
Q

How does temperature effect enzyme activity

A

Low- low- too little kinetic energy, few collision
High- high- successful
Higher- denatured- breaking bond sin tertiary, change in active site, no longer fits

40
Q

How does substrate concentration affect enzyme activity

A

Low- low
High- higher
At high- plateaus all active site share occupied
Enzyme conc in now limiting factor

41
Q

What is a competitive inhibitor

A

Molecule simila rot substrate
Bind to as
Compete with enzyme activity site
Redu availability
Increasing substrate concentration reduce effect

42
Q

What is a non-competitive inhibitor

A

Attached dot allosteric site - other than active site
Alter shape
Substrate no longer fits and present e-s complexes formed

Biology (13 decks)

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