Biological Molecules: Introduction

Question 1

Functional group definition

Answer 1

A functional group is a specific group of atoms within a molecule that is responsible for a characteristic of that molecule

Question 2

Covalent Bond Types (Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic Acid)

Answer 2

Carbohydrates: Glycosidic Bond
Proteins: Peptide Bond
Nucleic Acid: Phosphodiester Bond

Question 3

Hydrolysis

Answer 3

Breaks a chemical bond between two molecules and involves the use of a water molecule

Question 4

Monomer definition

Answer 4

Monomers are the smaller units from which larger molecules are made

Question 5

Covalent bond definition

Answer 5

Type of bond involving the sharing of outer electrons between atoms

Question 6

Polymers made by (Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic Acid)

Answer 6

Carbohydrates: Polysaccharides
Proteins: Polypeptide
Nucleic Acid: Polynucleotide

Question 7

Carbohydrate classifications

Answer 7

• Monosaccharides: glucose, fructose, galactose
• Disaccharides: Maltose (glucose + glucose), Sucrose (glucose + fructose), Lactose (galactose + glucose)
• Polysaccharides: Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose

Question 8

Isomer definition

Answer 8

Molecules with the same molecular formula but have different structural arrangement

Question 9

Polymer definition

Answer 9

Polymers are molecules made from a large number of monomers joined together

Question 10

What is an organic molecule?

Answer 10

A molecule containing carbon and hydrogen (often other elements e.g oxygen.)
The four main biological molecules are Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids and Nucleic Acids

Question 11

The seven key functional groups

Answer 11

Hydroxyl: -OH
Carboxyl: -COOH
Amino: -NH2
Phosphate: -OPO^2- 3
Methyl: -CH3

additional:
Sulfhydryl: -SH
Carbonyl: -CO (C=O only)

Question 12

Polymer Examples (Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic Acid)

Answer 12

Carbohydrates: Glycogen (animals), Cellulose (plants), Starch (plants)
Proteins: Enzymes, Antibodies, Channel Proteins, Haemoglobin
Nucleic Acid: DNA, RNA

Question 13

Monomer examples (Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic Acids)

Answer 13

Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides e.g Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
Proteins:Amino Acids
Nucleic Acids: Nucleotides

Question 14

Condensation reaction description

Answer 14

Joins two molecules together with the formation of a chemical bond and involves the elimination of a molecule of water