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biology biological molecules, enzymes, and dna > biological molecules, dna and enzymes > Flashcards

biological molecules, dna and enzymes Flashcards

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1
Q

thymine and cytosine

A

pyrimidine bases

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2
Q

magnesium ions

A

produce chlorophyll

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3
Q

sucrose

A

made of alpha glucose and fructose

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4
Q

polysaccharides good for storage

A

insoluble so doesn’t affect water potential, compact

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5
Q

starch

A

made of amylose and amylopectin

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6
Q

glycogen

A

energy store for animals and fungi

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7
Q

amylopectin

A

alpha glucose, 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds

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8
Q

test for non reducing sugars

A

after benedict’s test heat with acid then repeat test - acid hydrolyses disaccharide

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9
Q

roles of lipids

A

energy, waterproofing, insulation, protection

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10
Q

tertiary structure

A

secondary structure twisted further into 3D shape

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11
Q

globular protein

A

haemoglobin

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12
Q

structure of haemoglobin

A

four polypeptide chains held by disulfide bonds, haem group with iron molecule to bind with oxygen, tetrahedral

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13
Q

substrate

A

molecule on which enzyme acts

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14
Q

enzyme substrate complex

A

when enzyme combines with substrate

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15
Q

competitive inhibitor

A

binds to active site, prevents substrate fitting

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16
Q

non-competitive inhibitor

A

fits into allosteric site, distorts shape of active site so substrate can no longer fit

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17
Q

fraenkel and conrat

A

showed rna can be transforming principle in viruses

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18
Q

franklin, watson and crick

A

worked out structure of dna, established it was a double helix

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19
Q

adenine and guanine

A

purine bases

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20
Q

bond between nucleotides

A

phosphodiester

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21
Q

genetic code is universal

A

same in all living things

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22
Q

triplet code

A

three bases code for one amino acid

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23
Q

nitrate ions

A

make dna and amino acids

24
Q

calcium ions

A

form calcium pectate for middle lamellae

25
Q

phosphate ions

A

make adp and atp

26
Q

maltose

A

made of two alpha glucose

27
Q

lactose

A

made of alpha and beta glucose

28
Q

cellulose

A

made of beta glucose, alternate inverted

29
Q

energy release of starch

A

mix of quick and slow due to mix of amylose and amylopectin

30
Q

energy release of amylopectin

A

fast because side chains of glucose easily broken off for respiration

31
Q

properties of enzyme

A

globular proteins that act as catalysts, alter rate without being changed themselves, can be reused

32
Q

catabolic enzyme

A

puts strain on substrate, makes it easier to break bond

33
Q

meselsohn and stahl

A

proved replication is semi conservative

34
Q

amylose

A

alpha glucose, 1-4 glycosidic bonds

35
Q

hexose

A

6 carbon sugar eg glucose, fructose, galactose

36
Q

pentose

A

5 carbon sugar eg ribose, deoxyribose

37
Q

benedict’s test for reducing sugars

A

mix and heat in water bath - blue to green to orange to brick red

38
Q

reducing sugars

A

all monosaccharides, lactose, maltose

39
Q

bond in a triglyceride

A

ester

40
Q

bond between two amino acids

A

peptide in condensation reaction

41
Q

primary structure

A

amino acids join to form polypeptide - polymerisation

42
Q

secondary structure

A

polypeptide chain folds to form alpha helix/beta pleated sheet - held by hydrogen bonds

43
Q

quaternary structure

A

polypeptides link to form large complex molecules

44
Q

fibrous protein

A

collagen

45
Q

structure of collagen

A

three long parallel polypeptide alpha chains in triple helix structure joined by cross links to form fibres

46
Q

activation energy

A

minimum amount of energy needed to start a reaction

47
Q

active site

A

functional part of the enzyme

48
Q

anabolic enzyme

A

aligns molecules for reaction

49
Q

end product inhibition

A

end product of metabolic pathway binds to part of first enzyme in pathway - not active site

50
Q

miescher

A

isolated nuclei and discovered chemical we call dna

51
Q

briggs and king

A

removed/added nuceli to egg cells - showed that you need the nucleus for an embryo to develop

52
Q

griffiths and avery

A

Used bacteria etc and established that DNA is transforming principle

53
Q

hershey and chase

A

used viruses to confirm that dna is transforming principle

54
Q

degenerate code

A

often third base is irrelevant

55
Q

dna helicase

A

breaks hydrogen bonds between two strands

56
Q

dna polymerase

A

links up nucleotides along template strand

57
Q

dna ligase

A

catalyses formation of phosphodiester bonds

biology biological molecules, enzymes, and dna (1 decks)

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