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Biology > Biological Molecules Definitions > Flashcards

Biological Molecules Definitions Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

A molecule that acts as the energy currency of cells formed from a molecule of ribose, a molecule of adenine and three phosphate groups.

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2
Q

Amino Acid

A

The monomers containing an amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH) and a variable R group that make up proteins.

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3
Q

Benedict’s test

A

A biochemical test used to test for reducing sugars that produces a different colour based on the amount of reducing sugar present.

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4
Q

Biuret test

A

A biochemical test that produces a purple solution in the presence of protein

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5
Q

Cellulose

A

Cellulose: A polysaccharide made of beta glucose monomers that is used as a structural polysaccharide which provides strength to plant cell walls.

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6
Q

Condensation reaction

A

A type of reaction that joins two molecules together with the formation of a chemical bond involving the elimination of a molecule of water

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7
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

An information storing molecule made up of deoxyribonucleotide monomers joined by phosphodiester bonds to form a double helix.

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8
Q

Dipeptide

A

Molecules formed by the condensation of two amino acids

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9
Q

Disaccharide

A

Disaccharide: Molecules formed by the condensation of two monosaccharides.

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10
Q

DNA Helicase

A

An enzyme that breaks the hydrogen bonds between the two DNA strands in the DNA molecule that is going to be replicated

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11
Q

DNA Polymerase

A

An enzyme that catalyses the condensation reactions between the new nucleotides in the synthesis of the new DNA strand.

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12
Q

Enzyme

A

A protein molecule that acts as a biological catalyst and increases the rate of biochemical reactions.

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13
Q

Glycogen

A

A highly branched polysaccharide made of alpha glucose monomers that is used as the main storage of energy in humans and animals.

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14
Q

Glycosidic bond

A

A bond between two monosaccharides formed in a condensation reaction

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15
Q

Heat capacity

A

The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of a substance by a specific amount.

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16
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Breaking a chemical bond between two molecules involving the use of a water molecule.

17
Q

Induced-fit model

A

A model of enzyme action that describes how enzymes undergo subtle conformational changes to better fit the substrate.

18
Q

Iodine test

A

A biochemical test used to test for the presence of starch

19
Q

Lactose

A

A disaccharide formed by condensation of a glucose molecule and a galactose molecule.

20
Q

Latent heat

A

The amount of energy needed for a substance to change state.

21
Q

Lipid emulsion test

A

A biochemical test that produces a cloudy emulsion when performed on lipids.

22
Q

Maltose

A

A disaccharide formed by condensation of two glucose molecules.

23
Q

Metabolite

A

A molecule formed or used in metabolic reactions

24
Q

Monomers

A

The smaller units from which larger molecules are made

25
Q

Monosaccharide

A

The individual sugar monomers from which larger carbohydrates are made.

26
Q

Phospholipid

A

A type of lipid formed by the condensation of one molecule of glycerol, two molecules of fatty acid and a phosphate group.

27
Q

Polymers

A

Molecules made from a large number of monomers joined together

28
Q

Polypeptide

A

Molecules formed by the condensation of many amino acids

29
Q

Polysaccharide

A

Molecules formed by the condensation of many monosaccharides

30
Q

Primary structure

A

The individual sequence of amino acids in a protein

31
Q

Quaternary structure

A

A structure only applicable to proteins with multiple polypeptide chains that describes the interactions of the different chains

32
Q

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

A

A relatively short molecule made up of ribonucleotide monomers joined by phosphodiester bonds.

33
Q

Secondary structure

A

The local interactions of the amino acids in the polypeptide chain

34
Q

Semi conservative replication

A

The production of two daughter DNA molecules from one DNA molecule which both contain one original DNA strand and one newly synthesised strand.

35
Q

Solvent

A

A substance which other solutes are dissolved in

36
Q

Starch

A

A polysaccharide made of alpha glucose monomers that is used as the main storage of energy in plants

37
Q

Sucrose

A

A disaccharide formed by condensation of a glucose molecule and a fructose molecule.

38
Q

Tertiary structure

A

The way that the whole protein folds to make a three dimensional
structure.

39
Q

Triglyceride

A

A type of lipid formed by the condensation of one molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acid

Biology (3 decks)

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