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Biological Molecules Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The variety of life of host past and present is extensive. However what is similar for all living things

A

The biochemical basis of life

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2
Q

Monomers are the ———— units from which —————- molecules are made.

A

Smaller

Larger

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3
Q

Give three examples of monomers

A

Monosaccharides
Amino acid
Nucleotides

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4
Q

————— are molecules made from a ——- number of monomers ———- together.

A

Polymers
Large
Joined

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5
Q

A condensation joins what together?
With the formation of what?
What molecule is eliminated?

A

Two molecules
A chemical bond
Water

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6
Q

What does a hydrolysis reaction break?
Between what?
What molecule does it involve the use of?

A

A chemical bond
Between two molecules
Involves the use of a water molecule

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7
Q

Three common monosaccharides from which larger carbohydrates are made

A

Glucose
Galactose
Fructose

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8
Q

How are disaccharides formed

A

A condensation reaction between two monosaccharides with the formation of a glycosidic chemical bond and the elimination of a water molecule

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9
Q

What is the chemical bond formed in a condensation reaction of two monosaccharides to form a disaccharide

A

GLYCOSIDIC bond

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10
Q

How is the disaccharide maltose formed

A

Glucose + glucose arrow maltose + water

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11
Q

Sucrose is formed how

A

Condensation reaction
Glucose + fructose
Glycosidic bond
Release of water

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12
Q

Lactose is formed by

A

Condensation reaction
Glucose + galactose
Form glycosidic chemical bond
Release of water

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13
Q

Name the two isomers of glucose

A

Alpha

Beta

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14
Q

What does alpha glucose structure

A

H O

OH OH

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15
Q

Structure of beta glucose

A

H O

OH H

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16
Q

How are polysaccharide formed?
What reaction?
What molecule?

A

Condensation reaction between MANY glucose units

Glycosidic bond

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17
Q

Name the three polysaccharides

A

Cellulose
Glycogen
Starch

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18
Q

Glycogen and starch are made of what type of glucose

A

Alpha glucose

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19
Q

Cellulose is formed by what type of glucose

A

Beta glucose

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20
Q

What elements to carbohydrates contain?

In what ratio of H:O

A

C
H
O
2H:1O

21
Q

Carbohydrate can be classified into three groups. Name then

A

Monosaccharides
Disaccharide
Polysaccharides

22
Q

Mono and Di saccharides are —— and s——- molecules easy to t———- and ——— to taste

A 
Small 
Soluble 
Transport 
W
Sweet
23
Q

What are monosaccharides mainly used in 2

A

Respiration (glucose) to provide energy

Growth in formation of larger molecules

24
Q

What is the general formulae for monosaccharides?
These are also called?
How are they different?

A

C6H12O6
Hexoses
They have different structures

25
Q

What are monosaccharides also called?

They give what result in the Benedicts test?

A

Reducing sugar

Brick Red

26
Q

Two ways the disaccharides can be HydroLysed into smaller monosaccharides

A

Boiling with acid (dilute HCL)

Heating with enzyme at OPTIMUM temperature

27
Q

The glycosidic bond is also called a what bond

A

1,4 (glycosidic bond between C 1 and 4)

28
Q

Which mono/disaccharide gives a NEGATIVE response to the bendicts tests

A

Sucrose

29
Q

Procedure of Benedict’s test

4

A

Small amount of sample added to 2xm cube of Benedicts solution.
Boiled in water bath for 5 mins
Positive if turned brick red (produced by copper 1 oxide)
Remind blue no reducing sugar

30
Q

The bendicts test can be used to compare the amount of sugar in different solutions. How would u carry this out

A

Same volume of BS
Sams volume of sample
Boiled for same amount of time
The precipitate colour compression using Color meter

31
Q

Why does bendicts sultion turn red with reducing sugar

A

•Benedict’s reagent is an alkaline solution of copper(II) sulfate

•Reducing sugars
–OILRIG (of electrons)

  • Blue Benedict’s reagent is reduced
  • An insoluble red precipitate of copper(I) oxide is formed
32
Q

Test for non reducing sugar

A

Confirm that a reducing sugar is not present using the Benedict’s test.

  • Take another sample of the food to be tested.
  • Add 2cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid in a test tube and place the test tube in a gently boiling water bath for 5 minutes.
  • This hydrolyses any dissacharide present into its constituent monosaccharides.
  • Add some sodium hydroxides solution to the test tube in order to neutralise the hydrochloric acid.
  • Re-test the resulting solution by heating it with 2cm3 of Benedict’s reagent in a gently boiling water bath for 5 minutes.
  • If a non-reducing sugar was present in the original sample, the Benedict’s reagent will now turn orange-brown.
33
Q

What two mixtures do we add for a non reducing bendicts test

A

Dilute acid Ed HCL

Dilute sodium hydroxide solution to neutralise

34
Q

How do the 3 polysaccharides differ

A

The number and arrangement of glucose

35
Q

Polysaccharides either function as 2

A

Storage or structural molecules

36
Q

What result do polysaccharides give in a bendicts test

A

Negative

37
Q

Non reducing sugars are non —— to taste.

Relatively ————— in water

A

Sweet

Insoluble

38
Q

Where is cellulose found?

What does it provide?

A

Cell wall of plants

Rigidity and shape to cell

39
Q

In a condensation of beta glucose to form a glycosidic chemical bond this reaction form a ——-, —————, ———.
Why?

A

Long
Straight
Chain

Every other beta glucose is inverted

40
Q

An OH group is called an

A

Hydroxyl group

41
Q

How is a microfibril formed in cellulose

A 
The OH groups hydroxyl 
pRoJect  from either side of the beta glucose chaIn to 
Form hydrogen bonds with HO groups 
On adjacent chains 
3D structure known as microfibril
42
Q

Microfibril are grouped together into larger bundles known as

A

Microfibril

43
Q

How do microfibrils provide rigidity and full permeability

A

Macrofibrils of one layer are orientated in same direction
Successive layer different direction
Provide interwoven embedded matrix = rigidity

The layers of macrofibrils have minute channels allow full permability of cellulose

44
Q

Starch is a ——— carbohydrate
Where is it found?
Where is it stored?

A

Storage
Plants
Stored in starch grains amyloplasts in the cytoplasm

45
Q

Why is starch ideally suited to its function as a storage compound
2

A

Insoluble so osmotically inactive so does not draw water into cell by osmosis which could lead to cell damage
Helical shape forming compact store

46
Q

Starch is hydrolysed by what enzyme?

Into what disaccharide?

A

Amylase

Maltose

47
Q

Test for starch

A

Iodine test
Add 2 drops of iodine solution
= black / blue preset
Remains yellow/ orange not present

48
Q

What type of carbohydrate is glycogen?
Where is it found?
Where is it stored?

A

Storage
Animal cells
Cytoplasm
Usually in large amounts in liver and muscle tissues

49
Q

How is glycogen different to starch? 1

How is the same (function suitability)

A

Has more branches (free ends) so can be hydrolysed rapidly to release glucose for respiration.

Insoluble and osmotically inactive

Biology (4 decks)

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