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AQA A-Level Biology Year 12 > Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Biological Molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

Monomers

A

The smaller units from which larger molecules are made

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2
Q

Polymers

A

Molecules made form a large number of monomers joined together by chemical bonds

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3
Q

Condensation reaction

A

The chemical that joins two molecules together with a chemical bond, resulting in the elimination of a water molecule

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4
Q

Hydrolysis reaction

A

A reaction which breaks a chemical bond between two molecules and involves the use of one water molecule

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5
Q

Metabolite

A

A chemical involved a metabolic reaction e.g.) water involved in hydrolysis and condensation

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6
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Monomers from which larger carbohydrates are made, simple sugars

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7
Q

Glucose

A

A hexose sugar- a 6 carbon Monosaccharide. There are two forms alpha and beta glucose. They are Isomers because they have the same molecular formula but are connected in different ways.

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8
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Biological molecules containing C,H and O only

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9
Q

Disaccharide

A

A sugar formed when two monosaccharides join together during a condensation reaction, forming a glycosidic bond

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10
Q

Maltose

A

Alpha Glucose + Alpha Glucose

Disaccharide

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11
Q

Sucrose

A

Glucose + Fructose

Disaccharide

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12
Q

Lactose

A

Glucose + Galactose

Disaccharide

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13
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Formed by the condensation of many glucose units

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14
Q

Glycogen

A 
Storage for energy animal cells
Highly branched - compact
lots of ends - quick to hydrolyse
insoluble - no osmosis
Too big to leave the cell
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15
Q

Starch

A

Storage molecule for energy plant cells
Highly folded and branched - compact, slower to hydrolyse than glycogen
insoluble - no osmosis,
too big to leave a cell

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16
Q

Amylose

A

Makes up Starch
Alpha 1,4 glycosidic bonds between alpha Glucose

Coiled helix shape held by hydrogen bonds

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17
Q

Amylopectin

A

Makes up Starch
Alpha 1,4 glycosidic and beta 1,6 glycosidic bonds between alpha Glucose

Highly branched structure

18
Q

Cellulose

A

Beta glucose monomers joined by alpha 1,4 glycosidic bonds
No branches, very straight chains
Held together into microfibrils by hydrogen bonds

19
Q

Cellulose

A

Structural support for plant cells
Insoluble but permeable to water and solutes
Hydrogen bonds between chains provides strength

20
Q

Test for reducing sugar

A

Dissolved sample
Benedicts Solution
Heat in hot water bath
5 min

21
Q

Test for Non-reducing sugar

A 
Dissolved sample
Hydrochloric acid, hot water bath 2min
Sodium chloride till stops fizzing
Benedicts Solution
Heat in hot water bath 5 min
22
Q

Benedicts test

A

Qualitative test
Blue - negative
Green - yellow - orange - red more sugar

23
Q

Iodine test

A

No starch - negative
Orange/brown

Starch - positive
Blue black precipitate

24
Q

Universal solvent

A

Water is able dissolve many substances

Creates a solution for metabolic reactions to take place

25
Q

Adhesion

A

Hydrogen bonds between water and other surfaces

Helps water moves up xylem in plants by attracting water to the walls

26
Q

Cohesion

A

Hydrogen bonds between water molecules supports columns of water in xylem vessels
How water moves up xylem in plants during transpiration

27
Q

Large heat capacity

A

Takes a lot of energy to change temperature

Creates a stable environment inside cells and in aquatic habitats

28
Q

Large latent heat of vaporisation

A

Takes a lot of energy to turn from a liquid to a gas because energy is needed break the hydrogen bonds between molecules

29
Q

Water is Less dense as a solid

A

When an aquatic environment freezes, ice floats on top preserving the aquatic habit underneath

30
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine Tri-Phosphate

31
Q

ATP structure

A

Nucleotide derivative:
Ribose sugar
Adenine
3 phosphate groups

32
Q

ATP hydrolase

A

Enzyme that hydrolyses ATP

ATP -> ADP + Pi

33
Q

ATP synthase

A

Enzyme that forms ATP by condensation reaction

ADP + Pi -> ATP

34
Q

ATP hydrolysis uses

A

Provides Energy to chemical reactions in cells

Pi generated can phosphorylate other compounds making them more reactive

35
Q

ATP synthesis

A

Happens during:

Photosynthesis light energy used
Respiration chemical energy stored in glucose used

36
Q

Inorganic ions

A

A charged atom or molecule that doesn’t contain carbon

37
Q

Iron

A

In Haemoglobin
Large protein that holds 4 Fe2+ ions
Each ion can bind to 2 O atoms

Allows large concentration of oxygen can be carried in the blood

38
Q

Hydrogen ions

A

Concentration affects the pH of solution
Low conc = alkaline solution
High conc = acidic solution

Affects enzyme controlled reactions by changing the shape of the enzyme

39
Q

Sodium ions

A

Used by co-transporters (protein pumps) to move glucose and amino acids across membranes by active transport

40
Q

Phosphate ion

A

When attached to another molecule = phosphate group
Allows Nucleotides to bind forming polynucleotides
Bonds between phosphate groups in ATP store energy

AQA A-Level Biology Year 12 (1 decks)

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