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Biology > Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Biological Molecules Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Test for lipids

A

Emulsion
Add ethanol and shake to dissolve
Add water
Lipid will be milky

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2
Q

Monomer

A

Smaller units from which larger molecules are made

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3
Q

Polymers

A

Molecules made from a large number of monomers joined together

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4
Q

Lactose made up of

A

a-glucose and B-galactose

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5
Q

Sucrose made up of

A

a-glucose and a-fructose

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6
Q

Maltose made up of

A

a-glucose

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7
Q

Condensation of monosaccharides forms

A

Glycosidic bond

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8
Q

Molecular formula

A

Tells us the components of atoms and the number of each type of molecule

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9
Q

Structural formula

A

Shows how the atoms are arranged in a molecule

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10
Q

Colorimeter

A

Device used to quantify the colour by measuring transmission of absorbance

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11
Q

Glycogen

A

Energy in animals

  • a-glucose
  • branched-hydrolysis rate increased as more points of attachment so increased metabolic rate
  • 1,4 and 1,6 bonds
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12
Q

Cellulose

A

Structure in animals and plants

  • B-glucose
  • straight chains run parallel bonded by h bonds -microfibrils strong
  • 1,4 bond
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13
Q

Starch

A

Energy for plants

  • a-glucose
  • 1,6 and 1,4 bonds
  • branched-so more compact and higher rate of hydrolysis
  • can fit in a small area
  • insoluble so doesn’t effect water potential
  • large molecule so can’t pass cell membrane
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14
Q

Test for starch

A

Iodine

Orange to blue/black

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15
Q

Triglycerides made up of

A

Glycerol and three fatty acids

-condensation forms an ester bond (RCOOH)

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16
Q

R groups of fatty acids classified as

A

Saturated=no double bonds
MonoUnsaturated=one double bond
Polyunsaturated=multiple double bonds

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17
Q

Saturated fat characteristics

A
  • single bonds
  • chains are straight
  • pack closely together
  • solid at room temp
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18
Q

Unsaturated fat characteristics

A
  • double bonds
  • chains are kinky
  • molecules aren’t able to pack together
  • attractions are weak
  • liquid at room temp
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19
Q

Diff between triglycerides and phospholipids

A

One fatty acid substituted for a phosphate containing group

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20
Q

Condensation of amino acids

A

Peptide bond

Forming dipeptides or polypeptides

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21
Q

Primary protein structure

A

Sequence of amino acids

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22
Q

Secondary protein structure

A

Alpha helices or beta-pleated sheets

Formed by h bonds between amino acids

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23
Q

Tertiary protein structure

A

3D folding

  • hydrophobic R groups fold to the inner core
  • polar groups H-bond with eachother
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24
Q

Quaternary protein structure

A

Several poly peptide chains come together

25
Q

Test for proteins

A

Buiret

Blue to lilac

26
Q

Conditions that break h-bonds to cause denaturation

A

High temp and pH change

27
Q

Conditions that break london forces to cause denaturation

A

High temp

28
Q

Conditions that break ionic bonds to cause denaturation

A

Change in pH and v high temp

29
Q

Conditions that break disulphides bridges to cause denaturation

A

Reducing agents

30
Q

Conjugated protein

A

Contains a prosthetic group

31
Q

Hydrogen bonds form between

A

Amino acids

32
Q

Ionic bonds form between

A

Oppositely charged acidic and basic R-groups

33
Q

Disulfide bridges form between

A

S-containing R-groups

34
Q

Induced fit model

A

Collision between substrate and active site changes shape of enzyme
Puts strain on the enzyme structure-stored energy
Recoil of the enzyme puts strain on substrate forming and break bonds
Products released as don’t fit in the active site any more

35
Q

Enzyme conc

A

More active sites available
More collisions
More ESC formed
Conc of substrate can become limiting factor

36
Q

Substrate conc

A

Increases frequency of successful collisions
Until all active sites are occupied
Further increase in sub conc have no effect
All enzymes working at max rate

37
Q

Competitive inhibition

A

Fits into active site so substrate can’t bind

Some bind permanently effectively denatures the enzyme

38
Q

Non-competitive inhibitor

A

Bind to the enzyme changing the shape of the active site
ESC can’t form
Some molecules can act as activators changing the shape of the active site to its active form

39
Q

Temperature

A

Increased kinetic energy
More collisions
Past optimum H bonds break changing tertiary structure shape-denaturation

40
Q

pH

A

H+ ions bind to -ve charged R-groups
Altering H bonds and ionic bonds in 2+3 structure
Change active site
Active site could carry charge
High h+ conc neutralises the AS charged preventing ESC being formed

41
Q

Difference between DNA and RNA

A 
DNA=
Deoxyribose sugar
Long chain
Two chains
Thymine
RNA=
Ribose sugar
Short chain
Single chain
Uracil
42
Q

Condensation of nucleotides

A

Forms phosphodiester bonds

Forming a polynucleotide chain

43
Q

Who discovered DNA and DNA replication

A

Watson and Crick

By centrifuge samples with varying nitrogen

44
Q

ATP stands for

A

Adenosine triphosphate

45
Q

Hydrolysis of ATP

A

ATP hydrolase
Releases energy by breaking a high energy bond
One phosphate group broken off

46
Q

Catabolic reactions

A

Makes smaller molecules

47
Q

Anabolic

A

Makes larger molecules

48
Q

Properties of water

A 
Metabolite
Universal solvent 
High Specific heat capacity
Large latent heat of vaporisation
Cohesion
Molecular mobility
Density
Incompressible
49
Q

Hydrogen carbonate

A

Regulate blood pH

Transport CO2 in blood

50
Q

Hydroxide

A

Regulate blood pH

51
Q

Nitrate

A

Amino acids, proteins, nucleus acid
Chlorophyll
Hormones
Nitrogen cycle

52
Q

Chloride

A

Production of urine
Maintains water balance
Transports CO2 in the blood
HCl in the stomach

53
Q

Phosphate

A

Increased rigidity in bones etc
Phospholipids, ATP
Regulation of blood pH
Root growth

54
Q

Potassium

A 
Control of water levels 
Active transport
Healthy leaves
Nervous transmission 
Muscle contraction
55
Q

Ammonium

A

Amino acids
Hormones
Nucleus acids

56
Q

Sodium

A

Regulates osmotic
Absorption of carbs in the small intestine
Nervous transmission and muscles contract
Turgidity in vacuole

57
Q

Calcium

A

Bones, teeth cartilage
Blood clotting, muscle contractions
Activation of enzymes
Cell wall development

58
Q

Hydrogen

A

Photosynthesis, respiration
Transport of O2 CO2 in blood
Regulation of blood pH

Biology (5 decks)

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