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Biological Molecules. Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What Chemical Elements are in CarbOHydrates?

A

Carbon
Oxygen
Hydrogen

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2
Q

What chemical elements are in Proteins?

A

Carbon
Oxygen
Hydrogen
Nitrogen

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3
Q

What chemical elements are present in Lipids?

A

Carbon
Oxygen
Hydrogen

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4
Q

CARBS: Give an example of 3 monosaccharides

A

Glucose and Fructose

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5
Q

CARBS: Glucose and fructose go together to make…

A

Sucrose and Maltose

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6
Q

CARBS: What are polysaccharides used for?

A

They are INSOLUBLE T/F can be stored energy :)

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7
Q

LIPIDS: Functions of…

A

Insulation (organs).
Used to make hormones.
E source.

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8
Q

LIPIDS: Consist of…

A 
Fatty Acids (zigzag)
Glycerole (rectangle)
3 zigzags and a rectangle= triglyceride
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9
Q

PROTEINS: Glycerol is…

A

Stored by muscles and is converted back into glucose for resp.

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10
Q

GLUCOSE TEST

A

5cm (cubed) of Benedict’s solution
Heat at 60Deg.C (Water Bath)
Blue to Brick red if glucose is present!

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11
Q

STARCH TEST

A

2-5 drops of iodine

Brown to Blue/black if starch is present!

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12
Q

PROTEIN TEST (Biuret reagent test)

A

2-5 drops of Biuret Reagent

Pale blue to Purple if proteins are present!

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13
Q

LIPID TEST (Emulsion test)

A

Add 2cm (cubed) of ethanol
Add solution to a boiling water tube
Milky white if lipids are present.

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14
Q

What is a saturated fatty acid?

A

FATS (solid at room temp.)

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15
Q

What is an unsaturated acid?

A

OILS (liquid at room temp.)

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16
Q

Characteristics/Functions of SUGAR

A 
Soluble in water
Sweet
Mono/Disaccharides
Gives E for resp.
EG. Glucose, Sucrose, Lactose.
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17
Q

Functions of PROTEINS

A 
Structural molecules (collagen/keratin)
Control chemical reactions (enzymes)
Messenger molecules (hormones)
Combating disease (antibodies)
Transport (haemoglobin/cell membrane)
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18
Q

Functions of LIPIDS

A 
E storage
Thermal/Electrical insulator
Protection of organs
Makes some hormones
Cell MEMEbranes
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19
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A biological catalyst

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20
Q

How does temperature affect an enzyme?

A

After 37 Deg.C (Humans) the enzyme will denature, this means the shape of the active site changed so the substrate cannot fit.

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21
Q

How does pH effect an enzyme?

A

A radical change in pH will change the shape of the substrate.

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22
Q

Characteristics of enzymes…

A 
Affected by pH
Affected by Temp.
Required in MINUTE amounts
Speeds up chemical reactions
V. specific
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23
Q

How do enzymes speed up p/s or resp.

A

They lower the activation energy

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24
Q

What stimulus does the EAR pick up?

A

Sound

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25
Q

What stimulus does the EYE pick up?

A

Light

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26
Q

What stimulus does the SKIN pick up?

A

Pressure/Heat

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27
Q

What stimulus does the TONGUE pick up?

A

Chemical

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28
Q

What stimulus does the NOSE pick up?

A

Chemical

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29
Q

1)Sensory neurone does…

A

Takes impulses form the receptors to the brain/spinal cord.

30
Q

2)Relay neurone does…

A

Collects impulses in the CNS

31
Q

3)Motor neurone does…

A

Takes the impulse down to the effector (muscle).

32
Q

Cornea- Description

A

Front part of the tough outer coat, the sclera. It is convex and transparent.

33
Q

Cornea-Function

A

Refracts light - bends it as it enters the eye

34
Q

Iris-Description

A

Pigmented - decides the colour of your eyes - so light cannot pass through. Its muscles contract and relax to alter the size of its central hole or pupil.

35
Q

Iris-Function

A

Controls how much light enters the pupil

36
Q

Lens-Description

A

Transparent, bi-convex, flexible disc behind the iris attached by the suspensory ligaments to the ciliary muscles.

37
Q

Lens-Function

A

Focuses light onto the retina

38
Q

Retina-Description

A

The lining of the back of eye containing two types of photoreceptor cells - rods - sensitive to dim light and black and white - and cones - sensitive to colour. A small area called the fovea in the middle of the retina has many more cones than rods.

39
Q

Retina-Function

A

Contains the light receptors

40
Q

Optic Nerve-Description

A

Bundle of sensory neurones at back of eye.

41
Q

Optic Nerve-Function

A

Carries impulses from the eye to the brain

42
Q

How is the ileum adapted for absorption?

A

MUCHO S.A. (Villi, microvilli)
Capillaries are close to the epithelium T/F V. small diff. dist.
Have lacteals (the lymphatic vessels of the small intestine which absorb digested fats) to transport glycerol/fatty acids and vitamins A/D/E/K.
The mucus-producing cells lubricate the passage of the food.
The epithelial cells have a high density of mitochondria T/F hv a butt ton of E for Active Uptake.
The epithelial cell layers are V. thin so that diffusion is MUY EZ.

43
Q

How are the lungs adapted for gas exchange?

A

The alveoli have…
Big SA.
Moist, thin walls.
MANY capillaries T/F constant blood flow T/F maintain conc. grad.

44
Q

Def. of OSMOSIS

A

The net movement of water molecules through a semipermeable membrane, low to high.

45
Q

Def. of ACTIVE UPTAKE

A

Active transport is the process by which dissolved molecules move across a cell membrane from a lower to a higher concentration. Uses E bc it’s vs conc. grad.

46
Q

How to calculate the SA:Volume ratio…

A

(SA Divided by volume) : 1

YOU ALWAYS MAKE IT SO THAT THE VOLUME IS ONE!

47
Q

What effects the rates of diffusion?

A

Temperature= more KE
Conc. Gradient, large gradient= quick…
S.A.
Volume.

48
Q

Osmosis in cells- Isotonic.

A

The solution outside the cell has the same water potential as inside the cell - no net movement

49
Q

Osmosis in cells- Hypertonic

A

the solution outside the cell has a lower water potential then inside the cell -
net movement of free water particles out of the cell

50
Q

Osmosis in cells- Hypotonic

A

the solution outside the cell has a higher water potential then inside the cell -
net movement of free water particles into the cell

51
Q

Stages of phagocytosis.

A

1) Phagocyte recognises the pathogen.
2) Phagocyte engulfs pathogen (phagocytosis).
3) The lysozymes containing enzymes move toward the pathogen.
4) Enzymes breakdown pathogen.
5) Useful materials are absorbed.
6) Waste products are removed from the phagocyte.

52
Q

Stages of immunity.

A

1) Lymphocytes detect the pathogen.
2) Lymphocytes release many different antibody.
3) The correct antibody connects to the pathogens antigen.
4) Lymphocyte releases MUCHO of correct antibody.
5)Pathogens either clump together resulting
in death or the antibodies trigger phagocytes. Some pathogens can even burst. Some antibodies are specialised to combat toxins they are called anti-toxins.
6)Lymphocytes produces cells that produce
that antibody very quickly, These are called
memory cells.

53
Q

What is a lymphocyte?

A

Lymphocytes produce special Y shaped proteins called
antibodies. These attach to special structures on the pathogens called antigens. It is very important to not get these two confused! Lymphocytes allow organisms to build up an immunity towards certain disease.

54
Q

Characteristics of living organisms…

MRS H GREN.

A 
They require nutrition  
  They respire  
  They excrete their waste 
  They respond to their surroundings  
  They move  
  They control their internal conditions  
  They reproduce  
  They grow and develop.
55
Q

Cell membrane

A

Controls what goes in/out of the cell. (P/A)

56
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Jelly-like substance, where chemical reactions happen. In plant cells there’s a thin lining, whereas in animal cells most of the cell is cytoplasm.

57
Q

Chloroplast

A

Where photosynthesis happens – chloroplasts contain a green substance called chlorophyll. (P).

58
Q

Nucleus

A

Controls what happens inside the cell. Carries genetic information. (P/A).

59
Q

Vacuole

A

Contains a liquid called cell sap, which keeps the cell firm. (P).

60
Q

Cell Wall

A

Made of a tough substance called cellulose, which supports the cell. (P).

61
Q

Cardiac cycle is…

A

Blood flows into the two atria from either the vena cava or pulmonary veins. It collects in the atria, which expand.

2) The walls of the atria contract, increasing the pressure. Blood flows into the ventricles.
3) The ventricles contract together and pressure increases. The tricuspid and bicuspid valves close, preventing the flow of blood back into the atria.
4) The ventricles continue to contract. The rising pressure forces the semi-lunar valves to open and blood flows out of the heart through the pulmonary artery or aorta.
5) The ventricles empty and pressure rises in the arteries.The semi-lunar valves close, preventing blood from flowing back into the heart.

62
Q

Anaerobic resp. in humans eq.

A

Glucose==> Lactic acid

63
Q

Anaerobic resp. in plants eq.

A

Glucose==> Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide

64
Q

How the leaf adapted for P/S?

A

Epidermis is thin- This allows more light to get to the palisade cells.
Thin waxy cuticle- Protects plant but still allows light in.
The palisade cells are at the top- EZR to absorb more light.
There is a spongy layer-Air spaces allow carbon dioxide to diffuse through the leaf, and increase the surface area.
The palisade cells contain chloroplasts- For light abs.tion.

65
Q

What effects transpiration?

A

Humidity-Transpiration is slower in humid conditions.
Diffusion of water vapour out of the leaf slows down if the leaf is already surrounded by moist air.
Wind-Transpiration is faster in windy conditions.
Water vapour is removed quickly by air movement, speeding up diffusion of more water vapour out of the leaf.
Temperature-Transpiration is faster in higher temperatures.Evaporation and diffusion are faster at higher temperatures.
Light-In bright light transpiration increases.The stomata (openings in the leaf) open wider to allow more carbon dioxide into the leaf for photosynthesis.

66
Q

In a higher intensity of light…

A

There will be a net uptake of carbon dioxide because P/S is quicker than resp. (Hydrogen carbonate indicator would go orange to purple (showing that carbon dioxide levels have dropped)).

67
Q

Ina lower intensity of light…

A

There will be a net uptake of oxygen because resp. is quicker than P/S. (Hydrogen carbonate indicator will go orange to yellow (showing that carbon dioxide levels have dropped)).

68
Q

How to find the population of a species in a habitat.

A

1) Calculate the area of the habitat.
2) Measure the number of individuals in one quadrat and repeat many times to check our result is reliable.
(at least 10 quadrats are needed)
3)Calculate the average number of individuals in a quadrat.
4) Calculate how many quadrats fit into the total area.
5) Multiply the result from step 4 by the result from step 3.

69
Q

Food webs are important for use because…

A

A food web is more complex as it shows links between many species. Food webs are particularly useful for understanding the links between the species in a community.

70
Q

Why does E decrease from level to level in a pyramid of biomass?

A

Some parts of the organisms are
not eaten.
Some parts are not digested and absorbed - they are egested as faeces.
Some materials form excretory products (e.g. urine). Some materials are respired to release energy - the matter is lost as carbon dioxide and water.

71
Q

Pyramid of numbers is…

A

These are drawn to show the number of each organism

counted in the ecosystem. They can be odd shapes due to the different masses of organisms.

72
Q

Pyramid of biomass is…

A

These are drawn to show the total mass of the organisms in each trophic level (i.e. the mass of an individual x the number of individuals). These are a more accurate way of looking at the relative amounts of organisms.

Biology (6 decks)

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