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AQA as biology > Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Biological Molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

What are monomers

A

Molecules that ca be linked together to form long chains.

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2
Q

What are polymers

A

Long chains of monomer sub-units.

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3
Q

What are the properties of carbon

A
  • Forms long chains
  • 4 covalent bonds
  • Can bond with other chain/rings of carbon and gain other properties
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4
Q

What are the monomers of carbohydrates

A

Monosacchrides such as
glucose
fructose
galactose

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5
Q

What are polymers of carbohydrates

A

Polysacchrides such as
starch
cellulose

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6
Q

How many forms of carbohydrates are there

A

3
Monosacchrides
Disacchrides ( sucrose, maltose and lactose)
Polysacchrides

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7
Q

What are isomers

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different molecular arrangement

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8
Q

What are the isomers of glucose

A

Alpha glucose

Beta glucose

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9
Q

What are the structures of alpha and beta glucose

A

.

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10
Q

Product of condensation of alpha glucose molecules

A

Starch and Glycogen

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11
Q

Properties of starch

A
  • Made of 80% amylopectin and 20% amylose
  • Insoluble (doesnt affect water potential)
  • Metabolically inactive
  • Branches to give easy access to glucose
  • Amylose makes it compact which makes it more suitable for storage
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12
Q

Glycosidic bonds for amylose and amylopectin

A
  • 1,4
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13
Q

Properties of glycogen

A
  • Condensation of Alpha glucose molecules
  • Same structure as starch
  • Insoluble (doesn’t affect water potential)
  • Higher metabolic rate than starch which means that the respiratory rate can increase. it is therefore broken down more rapidly that starch
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14
Q

Cellulose

A
  • Condensation of Beta glucose moleules
  • Glucose molecules forms straight chains of 10,000 of glucose molecules
  • The chains form hydrogen bonds which form cross links.
  • Provides strength
  • Grouped to form microfibrils to provide more strength
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15
Q

What are the monomers of lipids

A

monomer: fatty acid and glycerol
polymers: fats

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16
Q

Properties of lipids

A
  • Insoluble in water
  • Soluble in ethanol
  • Stores energy
  • Used for insulation
  • Used for making biological membranes
  • Acts as a hormone
17
Q

What does a triglyceride look like

A

1 glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acids

18
Q

What bond does it form?

A

Ester bond

19
Q

Why are polyunsaturated chains more liqiud

A

The double bonds push the carbon atoms apart which alter their shape; making it more liquid

20
Q

What are the properties of triglycerides

A
  • Excellent energy storage
  • Low mass to energy ratio ( much energy can be stored in a small volume)
  • Non-polar (insoluble)
  • Release water when oxidised (important source of water
21
Q

What does a phospholipid look like

A

phosphate group, 2 fatty acids and 1 glycerol
hydrophilic head
hydrophobic tail

22
Q

What are the properties of phospholipids

A
  • Combine with carbohydrates to form glycolipids. This is important for cell recognition
  • Hydrophilic head hold the surface membrane together
  • They are polar
23
Q

What is the test for lipids

A

Emulsion test

  1. Put food sample into a test tube
  2. Add ethanol to the sample
  3. Shake the test tube thoroughly
  4. Add water and shake gently
  5. Cloudy white colour indicates the presence of lipids
24
Q

What are the monomers of proteins

A

Amino acids

25
Q

What is the polymer of proteins

A

Polypeptide

26
Q

What are the products of the condensation reaction of 2 polypeptides

A

Dipeptide+water

27
Q

What bond holds the dipeptides together

A

peptide bonds

28
Q

Explain the primary structure of a protein

A

It is a sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain formed by enzyme catalysed condensation reactions.
it decides the ultimate shape and hence its function . A single change can give it a complete different function.

29
Q

Explain the secondary structure of a protein

A

Hydrogen bonds start to form between the amino acids. This automatically makes the chain coil into a alpha helix or a beta pleated sheet.

30
Q

Explain the teriary structure of a protein

A

The chain is coiled or pleated even further and more bonds form between different parts of the polypeptide chain. This forms a 3D structure. The chain is held together by 4 bonds
*ionic bonds
hydrogen bonds
*hydrophilic and hydrophobic bonds
*disulphid bond ( 2 cysteine amino acids form a strong double bond between the sulfur atoms)

31
Q

Explain the tertiary structure of a protein

A

The chain is coiled or pleated even further and more bonds form between different parts of the polypeptide chain. This forms a 3D structure. The chain is held together by 4 bonds
*ionic bonds
hydrogen bonds
*hydrophilic and hydrophobic bonds
*disulphid bond ( 2 cysteine amino acids form a strong double bond between the sulfur atoms)

32
Q

Explain the Quaternary structure of a protein

A

It arises from a combination of number of different polypeptide chains and some non protein groups to form a large complex protein molecule. e.g haemoglobin

33
Q

What is the test for proteins

A

Biuret test 1

  1. Add biurets regent to a food sample
  2. Observe colour change
  3. Purple means that protein is present
34
Q

What is a Globular protein

A

Globular proteins are ball shaped proteins with a compact structure. Examples include enzymes, storage proteins and receptors. They contain hydrophobic parts which face towards the center and hydrophilic parts which face the edges.This makes them soluble.

35
Q

Fibrous proteins

A

They have a very thin and long structure. They tend to have structural functions such as collagen, keratin and actin. They are always composed of many polypeptide chains . They are also insoluble in water.

AQA as biology (2 decks)

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