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A-Level Biology Paper 1 > Biological Molecules 3 > Flashcards

Biological Molecules 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two Nucleic acids?

A

DNA and RNA

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2
Q

What are the levels of organisation for nucleic acids?

A

Nucleotide, dinucleotide, polynucleotide

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3
Q

What is the DNA nucleotide made up of?

A

A phosphate group, a pentose (five carbon) deoxyribose sugar, nitrogenous base.

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4
Q

what are the four bases in a DNA nucleotide?

A

Adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine

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5
Q

What is an RNA nucleotide made up of?

A

A phosphate group, a pentose ribose sugar, a nitrogenous base

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6
Q

what are the bases in an RNA nucleotide?

A

Adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine

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7
Q

How are polynucleotides formed?

A

DNA and RNA are made up of many nucleotides, joined together. Nucleotide drawing together in a condensation reaction to form phosphodiester bonds

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8
Q

what kind of bond is formed between nucleotides?

A

Phosphodiester bond

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9
Q

What is the role of DNA?

A

Holds genetic information

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10
Q

What is the function of RNA?

A

to transfer genetic information from DNA to ribosomes

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11
Q

how are two polynucleotide strands held together?

A

Many hydrogen bonds

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12
Q

What base does adenine pair with?

A

Thymine in DNA
uracil in RNA

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13
Q

What does cytosine pair up with?

A

Guanine

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14
Q

What are the differences between DNA and RNA?

A

DNA is bigger
DNA is double-stranded RNA single
DNA has deoxy ribose sugar. RNA has ribose.
DNA is very stable. RNA is not.

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15
Q

Why does DNA need to be replicated?

A

Because DNA must be copied exactly so each new cell has a complete copy

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16
Q

What is semiconservative DNA replication?

A

Each new DNA molecule is made up of an old polynucleotide strands and a new one

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17
Q

What is step one of DNA replication?

A

Unwinding

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18
Q

what is unwinding in DNA replication?

A

When DNA helix is unwound/unzipped by DNA Heli case which breaks the week hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs. This causes the polynucleotide strands to separate.

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19
Q

What is step two of DNA replication?

A

Replication

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20
Q

what happens during replication in DNA replication?

A

The exposed strands act as a template for the formation of a new complementary strand. Three nucleotide within the nucleus pair up with a complimentary nucleotides on the expose DNA strands according to base pair ruling.

21
Q

what is step three of DNA replication?

A

Condensation

22
Q

What happens during condensation in DNA replication?

A

DNA polymerase catalyses the condensation reaction between adjacent nucleotides, resulting in the formation of phosphodiester bond.

This process repeat until complimentary nucleotide is formed.

23
Q

what is the step four of DNA replication?

A

Completion

24
Q

what happens during completion of DNA replication?

A

New DNA strands rewind, DNA polymerase is released. Two new identical DNA molecules are formed, each containing one parent strand and one new Strand.

25
Q

What is the semiconservative hypothesis on DNA replication?

A

double-stranded DNA contains one parental and one daughter Strand following DNA replication

26
Q

What is the Conservative hypothesis on DNA replication?

A

both parental strands stay together after DNA replication (new strands together, old strands together)

27
Q

Why is DNA not replicated as a complete molecule?

A

More likely to make a mistake, no template, so how does it know which sequence? Experiments have proven otherwise.

28
Q

What are some energy demanding cellular processes?

A

Muscle contractions (movement), DNA synthesis, cell division, synthesis of amino acids, and proteins, active transport

29
Q

What is ATP?

A

An energy carrying molecule.

30
Q

What is the structure of ATP?

A

ribose, adenine, three phosphate groups

31
Q

How does ATP work?

A

Energy stored in the covalent bonds between phosphate groups and can be released when the Bonds are hydrolysed.

32
Q

What is ATP broken down into?

A

ADP and P

33
Q

What is the P in ADP and P?

A

The inorganic phosphate in a hydrolysis reaction after ATP is broken down

34
Q

How is the reaction of ATP being broken down into ADP and P catalysed?

A

ATP hydrolase

35
Q

What does the ATP ADP cycle allow?

A

It allows energy to be stored and released as it is needed in a cell.

36
Q

What else can P be used for after the hydrolysis of ATP?

A

It can be added onto other compounds to make them more reactive. This is a Phosphorylation reaction

37
Q

What are the properties of ATP?

A

It releases energy in small, manageable amount, small soluble, and easily the fuses to the part of the cell needed, it can be easily broken down to instantly release energy, it can be used to phosphorylate and make other molecules more reactive, it is quickly remade.

38
Q

what does water consist of?

A

2 atoms of hydrogen and an oxygen, held together by covalent bonds

39
Q

why does the oxygen in water have a partially negative charge and hydrogen have a partially positive charge?

A

because the oxygen is a bigger atom and so has more protons, this attracts the electrons of the hydrogen which makes it partially negative and the hydrogen partially positive

40
Q

are hydrogen bonds strong?

A

they are relatively weak and break and reform between constantly moving water molecules

41
Q

what is hydrogen bonding?

A

when the hydrogen atoms of one water molecule are attracted to the oxygen of another

42
Q

why is water a good solvent?

A

because water is polar and is attracted to other polar substances. the water molecules cluster around these parts of a solute and help them seperate

43
Q

why is water a good medium for transport?

A

the hydrogen bonds between water molecules pulls them towards each other, so they stick together, this is cohesion
water molecules are attracted to surfaces such as narrow tubes, this is adhesion

44
Q

name some instances of water as a metabolite?

A

hydrolysis of a peptide bond
atp hydrolysis
photosynthesis

45
Q

why is water a good cooling agent?

A

it takes lots of energy to break the hydrogen bonds between water molecules, water has a high latent heat of vaporisation meaning that it will use lots of heat energy to evaporate and become a gas (sweat)

46
Q

why is water a good buffer?

A

hydrogen bonds between water molecules absorb lots of energy, this gives it a high specific heat capacity. this means it doesn’t experience rapid temp changes and uses up lots of energy before it does. water can be used to buffer temp in the case of enzymes so they don’t denature

47
Q

What is an inorganic ion?

A

inorganic ions are ions that don’t contain carbon

48
Q

What are some important inorganic ions?

A

calcium ions, component of bones and teeth.
Potassium, ions, important for osmotic balance
Magnesium ions, component of chlorophyll.

A-Level Biology Paper 1 (9 decks)

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