Biological Molecules

Question 0

What are L and D configurations?

Answer 0

L: carbohydrates with amino group on left

D: carbohydrates with amino group on right; all naturally occurring carbohydrates have D-configuration.

Question 1

What is the amino acid structure?

Answer 1

All amino acids have an amino group (NH2), a carboxylic acid (COOH), a H, and an R group. The R group is what distinguishes amino acids.

Question 2

Importance of amino acid proline

Answer 2

It’s amino group is bound covalently to part of the side chain
It creates kinks in secondary structure of amino acids and affects tertiary structure
It creates a secondary alpha alpha amino group
Has a distinct ring structure
Is a nonpolar hydrophobic amino acid

Question 3

Peptide bonds

Answer 3

Formed between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the alpha amino group of another; dehydration reaction (loss of H2O)

Requires energy; involves enzyme catalyst

Question 4

Polypeptides

Answer 4

1st end - Amino terminal — Carboxylic Terminus (end of polypeptide)

Question 5

Cysteine

Answer 5

Amino acid with a reactive thiol (SH) in it’s side chain; thiol of one cysteine bonds with another producing a disulfide bond (S-S) stabilies protein structure

S- is more oxidized

Question 6

Protein structure - Primary

Answer 6

Amino acid sequence - gives protein it’s structure and is not typically affected by denaturing

Question 7

Protein structure - Seconday

Answer 7

Stabilized by H-bonds between -NH and -CO; interactions between peptide strands above and below

Alpha helix or beta sheets

Question 8

Protein structure - Tertiary

Answer 8

Final conformation/3D shape resulting from R-group interactions including

• ionic/electrostatic
• H bonds
• hydrophobic/hydrophilic
• covalent disulfide bonds (cysteine)
• van der waal forces *proline affects 3• structure

Question 9

Protein Structure - Quaternary

Answer 9

Between polypeptide side chains; multiunit
Ex) Hb and O2 binding or RNA polymerase II

Non-covalent interactions that are H bonds, hydrophobic or van der waal interactions

Question 10

Purines

Answer 10

Guanine and Adenine

Question 11

Pyrimidines

Answer 11

Cytosine and Thymine

Question 12

Base Pairs

Answer 12

Guanine — Cytosine

Adenine — Thymine *in RNA: Uracil

Question 13

Glycolysis - net rxn

Where does it occur?

Answer 13

1 mol of Glucose yields 2 pyruvate and uses up 2 ATP;

Net RXN: Glucose + 2ADP + 2Pi + 2NAD —> 2 Pyruvate + 2ATP + 2 NADH + 2H + 2H2O

location: cytoplasm pyruvate to Acetyl CoA occurs in mitochondrial matrix

Question 14

The Citric Acid Cycle purpose and net rxn

Where does it occur?

Answer 14

Purpose: to generate high-energy intermediates to make ATP;
Net RXN: 2 Acetyl CoA + 6NAD + 2FAD+ 2ATP + 2Pi + 4H2O —-> 4CO2 + 6NADH + 2FADH2 + 2ATP + 4H + 2CoA

location: mitochondrial matrix

Question 15

Electron Transport Chain

Where does it occur?

Answer 15

Oxygen is the final electron acceptor;
Cyanide blocks transfer of electrons
H ions are pumped out to accumulate in the mitochondrial matrix

location: inner mitochondrial matrix

Question 16

Prokaryotes

• consists of?
• cellular contents
• ribosome subunits

Answer 16

Bacteria and Archae
Have a cell wall
no Nucleus, no membrane bound organelles
No villi, peroxisomes, or chloroplast

ribosomes: 30s 50s

Question 17

Eukaryotes

• consists of?
• cellular contents
• ribosome subunits

Answer 17

Animals, protists, fungi, plants
May have a cell wall (plant & fungi do)
Nucleus and membrane bound organelles; microvilli, peroxisomes, chloroplast and cilia

ribosomes: 40s 60s

Question 18

Phelogeny

King Philip Came Over From Great Spain

Answer 18

Kingdom Family
Phylum Genus
Class Species
Order