Biological Molecules

Question 1

Monomer

Answer 1

small units that from basic units of life

Question 2

Polymer

Answer 2

made up of monomers. can be long simple strands or highly branched

Question 3

to polymer

monomers
glucose
amino acids
nucleotide

Answer 3

polymer
cellulose/ starch/ glycogen
protein
DNA/ RNA

Question 4

condensation reaction

Answer 4

a molecule of water is removed when monomer to polymer

Question 5

hydrolysis

Answer 5

breaking a bond by adding water

Question 6

monosaccharides

Answer 6

single simple sugars e.g glucose, fructose

Question 7

polysaccharides

Answer 7

multiple monosaccharides

Question 8

glucose polysaccharides- glycogen

Answer 8

-made from alpha glucose
-found in animals
-highly branched
-used for storage

Question 9

Glucose polysaccharides- cellulose

Answer 9

-made form beta glucose
-found in plants
-parallel, long single chains
-hydrogen bonds cross link
-used for cell wall strength

Question 10

glucose polysaccharides- starch

Answer 10

-made from alpha glucose
-found in plants
-highly branched
-used for storage

Question 11

structure bonds

amylose

Answer 11

helically coiled 1-4 bonds

Question 12

structure bonds

amylopectin

Answer 12

branched 1-6 bonds, more soluble

Question 13

starch

Answer 13

-helical/ spiral shape so compact
-large/ insoluble so osmotically inactive-does not effect water potential
-branched so glucose is easily released for respiration
-large so cannot leave the cell

Question 14

cellulose

Answer 14

long, straight, unbranched chains of beta glucose joined by hydrogen bonding to from microfibrills which provides rigidity and strength

Question 15

lipids

Answer 15

lipids contain c,h,o bbut less oxygen
lipids are non polar molecules so are insoluble but soluble in organic solvents e.g ethanol
they do not form polymers

Question 16

triglycerides

Answer 16

lipids made from 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids

Question 17

saturated fats

Answer 17

each carbon atom in the hydrocarbon chain has 4 other atoms bonded to it makes them solid and room temperature
straight chains which allow them to lie close together

Question 18

unsaturated

Answer 18

have double bonds between carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon tail this make them liquid at room temperature

Question 19

oils solid liquid

triglycerides with double bonds

Answer 19

they tend to be oils the ‘kink’ prevents the chains getting close together meaning they are liquids

Question 20

hydrophilic

Answer 20

attracted to and interacts with water but not with fats

Question 21

hydrophobic

Answer 21

not attracted to water/ repels water but can mix easily with fats

Question 22

triglyceride characteristics

Answer 22

-glycerol
-3 fatty acids
-no phosphate group
-non polar
-whole molecule
-hydrophobic
-soluble in lipids

Question 23

phospholipids characteristics

Answer 23

-glycerol
-2 fatty acids
-phosphate group
-polar
-hydrophobic tail
-hydrophilic head
-soluble in water

Question 24

proteins eg

Answer 24

-enzymes
-haemoglobin
-antibodies
-hormones
-muscle fibres
-antigens

all of them have a specific shape

Question 25

how many amino acids exist naturally

Answer 25

20

Question 26

primary structure proteins

Answer 26

number, type and sequence of amino acids linear chain joined with peptide bonds

Question 27

secondary structure

Answer 27

alpha helices and beta pleated sheets formed by hydrogen bonds

Question 28

tertiary structure

Answer 28

3d folded amino acids by hydrogen and ionic bonding or disulphide bridges to form globular proteins

Question 29

quaternary structure

Answer 29

has 2 or more polypeptide chains

Question 30

proteins definition

Answer 30

polymer chain of amino acids joined by peptide bonds from a condensation reaction

Question 31

describe the structure of proteins TAT

Answer 31

polymer chain of amino acids joined by peptide bonds from a condensation reaction. the primary structure is the number, type and sequence of amino acids. the secondary structure are alpha helices and beta pleated sheets formed by hydrogen bonds. the tertiary structure is 3d folded amino acids by hydrogen and ionic bonds and disulphide bridges. the quaternary structure is 2 or more polypeptide chains.

Question 32

Induced fit model

Answer 32

Shape of active site changes as substrate binds. stressing/distorting/ bending/ applying pressure to the bonds which lowers the activation energy when the enzyme-substrate complex forms. the shape of the active site is complementary.

Question 33

Enzyme inhibitors

Answer 33

a substance that directly or indirectly interferes with the functioning of the active site of an enzyme so reducing enzyme activity.