Biological Molecules Flashcards
Define monomers
The smaller units which can be joined together to form polymers
Define condensation
The joining together of molecules with a chemical bond by removing water
What’s hydrolysis
The breaking apart of chemical bonds by adding water
What’s the name of monomers which larger carbohydrates are made from
Monosaccharides
What are the common monosaccrides
Glucose and fructose
Draw alpha glucose
What’s the bond formed by the condensation of 2 monosaccharides
Glycosidic bond
How’s maltose formed and what type of molecule is it
The condensation of 2 a-glucose monomers, disaccharide
How’s sucrose formed and what type of molecule is it
Formed from an a-glucose molecule and a fructose molecule so its a disaccharide
Many monosaccharides join by ______ to form a polysaccharide
Condensation
What’re starches made of
Amylose and amylopectin
What glucose isomer are starches made of
Alpha glucose
What glucose isomer condenses to form cellulose
Beta glucose
How does water form from hydrolysis
Removing a hydrogen from the hydroxyl group and a full hydroxyl (H+OH)
What’s glycogenolysis
When glycogen hydrolyses into glucose when blood sugar is low
Describe the structure of amylose
Long unbranched chain of alpha glucose,coil structure makes it good for storage since its compact.
What glucose isomer is glycogen formed from and where is it found
Alpha glucose,found in muscle and liver
What glucose isomer is cellulose made from
Beta glucose,1-4 glycosidic bond
Describe amylopectin structure
Long branched,sides allow enzymes to reach the glycosidic bond quicker and release glucose faster
What’s the structure of cellulose
Parallel cellulose chains held together by hydrogen bonds to form microfibrils
Draw beta glucose
Describe the test for starch
Add potassium iodide solution -> if result is positive then it’ll turn blue black
Describe the test for reducing sugars
Add Benedict’s reagent to sample and heat with water-> colored precipitate changes from blue to orange/red depending on concentration of sugar
Describe the test for non reducing sugars
Add dilute HCL to break down any polymers then neutralize with sodium hydrogencarbonate and carry out reducing sugars test again
What’re the components of triglycerides
Formed by the condensation reaction of 1 glycerol molecules and 3 fatty acids
What’s the general formula of fatty acids
RCOOH
Name the bond between triglycerides
Ester bond
Name the 3 features of unsaturated fatty acids
- wonky chain
- double carbon bond
-usually liquids
Do saturated fatty acids have double carbon bonds
No
What’s the structure of phospholipids
Phosphate group, glycerol and 2 fatty acids
Draw a phospholipids
Draw a phospholipids
What enzyme hydrolyses ester bonds in triglycerides
Lipase
Describe the test for lipids
Emulsion test,add ethanol to sample and cloudy white emulsion will form
Relate the structure of triglycerides to their functions (3)
- insoluble carbon chain makes them useful for waterproofing
-slow heat conductor makes them good insulators
-less dense than water so bouyancy for aquatic animals
What part of phospholipids are hydrophobic n what part is hydrophilic
Hydrophilic head (glycerol and phosphate)
Hydrophobic tail (2 fatty acids)
What’s this called
Micelle
