Biological Molecules Flashcards
Condensation reaction
• Monomers are joined together
producing a larger molecule forming a
bond.
• A molecule of water is used in this
process
Hydrolysis reaction
• Polymers and dimers are split a part
breaking bonds
• A water molecule is formed in this
process
Disaccharides
• glucose + glucose → maltose (malt sugar)
• glucose + galactose → lactose (milk sugar)
• glucose + fructose → sucrose (table sugar)
Starch in plants
• Alpha glucose monomers
• Polysaccharide
• Has 1-4 glycosidic bonds
• Amylose is helical
• Amylopectin is branched and has additional 1-6 glycosidic bonds
• Insoluble so doesn’t effect water potential
• Branched so accessible for respiration
Glycogen in animals
• Alpha glucose monomers
• Polysaccharide
• Has 1-4 glycosidic bonds
• Is branched and has many additional 1-6 glycosidic bonds
• Highly branched so accessible for
respiration
Cellulose in plants
• Beta-glucose monomers
• Polysaccharide
• Has 1-4 glycosidic bonds
with alternating molecules being rotated
by 180 degrees
• Straight, unbranched
chains
• Straight chains ideal for cell wall, have crosslinks for stability
Test for reducing sugars
• Add Benedict’s reagent
• Boil in a waterbath
• Brick red colour indicates a
reducing sugar
Test for non reducing sugars
• Carry out benedict’s test and see a negative result
• Boil in a water bath with hydrochloric acid
• Neutralise the acid with sodium
hydrogen carbonate
• Carry out Benedict’s test – a brick red
result indicates a reducing sugar.
Iodine test- starch
• Add iodine to food sample
• Blue/Black indicates starch is present
Amino acids and peptide bonds
• Amino acids contain C, O, H
and N
• They have a carboxyl group and an amine group
• They also have an R group which can change the properties of the amino acid
• There are 20 amino acids
• They react in a condensation reaction and are joined by a peptide bond
• A polymer of amino acids is called a polypeptide
Protein structure
• Proteins have a primary structure that is formed by a sequence of
many amino acids that are joined by peptide bonds in a condensation
reaction
• The primary structure folds into a secondary structure of either alpha
helix or beta pleated sheets and these are held together by hydrogen
bonds
• The secondary structure further folds into a tertiary 3D structure that
is held together by hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds and disulphide bonds
• Some proteins e.g. antibodies may form a quaternary structure of
more than one polypeptide chain(some of these may have prosthetic
groups e.g. haem)
Biuret test for proteins
• Add Biurets reagent to sample (copper sulphate and sodium
hydroxide)
• Mix and heat
• Lilac colour indicates protein is present
Triglycerides
• Condensation of one glycerol and
three fatty acids forming and
ester bond
• Fatty acids have an R group that
can be saturated(C-C) or
unsaturated (C=C)
• Triglycerides are non-polar
• Insoluble
• Can’t form a bilayer
Phospholipids
• Condensation reaction forming
ester bonds
• One glycerol and two fatty acids
• One fatty acid is replaced by a
phosphate group
• The phosphate group is polar
• The fatty acids are non-polar
• Insoluble
• Used in the phospholipid bilayer
Emulsion test for lipids
• Mix sample with ethanol and shake
• Add water
• If lipid is present a milky white emulsion will be seen