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Biology Mrs Walker > Biological molecules > Flashcards

Biological molecules Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a monomer?

A

Small subunits which make up larger molecules

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2
Q

What is a polymer?

A

A molecule made up of many monomers

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3
Q

What is a condensation reaction?

A

A reaction that joins together two molecules by forming a chemical bond that eliminates water

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4
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

A reaction that breaks a chemical bond between two molecules using a water molecule

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5
Q

What is the general formula of a carbohydrate?

A

(CH2O)n

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6
Q

What is a monosaccharide?

A

sweet tasting, soluble substance.
e.g glucose, fructose, galactose

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7
Q

How is a disaccharide formed?

A

Formed by a condensation reaction between two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic bond

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8
Q

How is maltose formed?

A

a-glucose + a-glucose

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9
Q

How is lactose formed?

A

a-glucose + galactose

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10
Q

How is sucrose formed?

A

a-glucose + fructose

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11
Q

How are polysaccharides formed?

A

Made up of many monomers, bonded with glycosidic bond through many condensation reactions

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12
Q

Describe the structure and function of starch.

A

Found in plants, made of a-glucose (amylose + amylopectin), amylose is long un arched chains forming coiled structure amylopectin is branched
For storage, compact so stores in small places, insoluble doesn’t effect osmotic properties of the cell

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13
Q

Describe the structure and function of glycogen.

A

found in animals, made of a-glucose, very branched and compact so can store in smaller spaces, insoluble so doesn’t effect the osmotic properties of the cell

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14
Q

Describe the structure and function of cellulose.

A

found in plants cell wall, made of b-glucose, layers of fibrils are held together by hydrogen bonds, for structure in plants, large number of b-glucose gives cellulose its overall strength

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15
Q

What are the two types of lipids?

A

Triglycerides and Phospholipids

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16
Q

What is the function of lipids?

A

-cell membranes
-source of energy, oxidises energy
-waterproofing, insoluble
-insulation, slow conductors
-protection

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17
Q

What is meant by saturated and unsaturated?

A

saturated- only single C bonds
unsaturated- at least one C=C double bond

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18
Q

What is the structure of a triglyceride?

A

one glycerol and three fatty acids, joined by an ester bond

19
Q

What is the structure of a phospholipid?

A

one inorganic phosphate group, one glycerol and two fatty acids
hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads

20
Q

How does a phospholipid create a bilayer?

A

the chain is polar due to the hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails so repels water and creates a bilayer

21
Q

What is the test for lipids?

A

Emulsion test,
-add ethanol to solution, mix gently
-and water mix gently
positive test is a cloudy emulsion formed

22
Q

What is the monomer of proteins?

A

amino acids

23
Q

What is a protein’s primary structure?

A

The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or protein

24
Q

What is a proteins secondary structure?

A

The regular folding or cooling of polypeptide chain due to formation of hydrogen bonds
(beta pleated sheet, alpha helix)

25
Q

What is a proteins tertiary structure?

A

The unique 3D folding of the polypeptide chain (haemoglobin)

26
Q

What is a proteins quaternary structure?

A

The 3D arrangement of 2 or more polypeptide chains, often involving a prosthetic group

27
Q

What is the bond in proteins?

A

peptide bonds

28
Q

What is a globular protein?

A

Involved in metabolic functions, spherical
e.g: haemoglobin

29
Q

What is a fibrous protein?

A

Tend to have structural functions, rod or wires
e.g: collagen

30
Q

What is an amino acid made of?

A

amine group
carboxylate group
R chain
around central C atom

31
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The sun if all reactions in the body

32
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A globular protein (tertiary structure), a biological catalyst

33
Q

How do enzymes increase the rate of a reaction?

A

Lower the activation energy of a reaction to create a new pathway

34
Q

What is the activation energy?

A

The minimum amount of energy required to start a reaction

35
Q

What is the induced fit model?

A

Where the active site of an enzyme is not exactly complimentary to the substrate, the enzyme molecule changes shape slightly to bind to the substrate forming the enzyme-substrate complex, products are released and enzyme resumes original shape

36
Q

How does temperature effect enzymes?

A

As the temperature increases, the enzyme will begin to denature and change the shape of the active site as the ionic and hydrogen bonds break

37
Q

What does a competitive inhibitor do?

A

has a similar structure to substrate and binds to active site so the substrate can’t react with the enzyme, lowers the rate of reaction

38
Q

What does a non competitive inhibitor do?

A

Has no structural similarity to substrate, binds to other site rather than active site to distort its shape so the substrate can’t bind and the rate of reaction is lower

39
Q

What can have an effect on rate of enzyme reaction?

A

concentration of enzymes, concentration of substrate, temperature, pH, inhibitors

40
Q

What is the different mice between ultra cellular enzymes and intracellular enzymes?

A

ultra works inside of cells, respiration
infra works outside of cells, lipase

41
Q

What does endopeptidase do?

A

Hydrolyses proteins into shorter peptides by breaking peptide bonds towards the middle of the molecule

42
Q

What does exopeptidase do?

A

Works by removing individual amino acids from one end of the peptide chain

43
Q

What is the role of the inorganic iron ion?

A

Participates in metabolic processes,

Biology Mrs Walker (1 decks)

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