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Biology > Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Biological Molecules Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

5 properties of water explained

A

HLHV - provides cooling effect with little loss of water through evaporation.
HSHC - acts as a buffer against temperature change.
Metabolite - used in many metabolic reactions such as hydrolysis and condensation.
Solvent - allows transport of substances/ allows metabolic reactions to occur.
Adhesive - supports columns of water (in plants).
Cohesive - so produces surface tension.

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2
Q

Maltose is made of…

A

2 alpha glucose molecules

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3
Q

Lactose is made of…

A

1 alpha glucose and 1 galactose

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4
Q

Sucrose is made of…

A

1 alpha glucose and 1 fructose

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5
Q

Starch properties

A

1-4 glycosidic bonds, tight, coiled structure so lots of energy is small area, acts as storage for energy in plant, doesn’t affect water potential, cannot diffuse out of cells

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6
Q

Glycogen properties

A

1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds, coiled, branched structure, many branched ends means hydrolysis can occur quicker for energy hungry organs such as the liver and muscles

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7
Q

Cellulose properties

A

made of beta glucose, makes 1-4 glycosidic bonds and every 2nd beta glucose flips 180 degrees, forms a linear structure, which hydrogen bonds to for microfibrils, which form macrofibres

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8
Q

Test for non reducing sugars

A

Boil the solution with blue benedict’s solution and hydrochloric acid, then neutralise with an alkali. Heat in a water bath for five minutes, colour change from blue to brick red/orange.

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9
Q

Test for reducing sugars

A

Add blue bendict’s solution then heat in water bath, colour change from blue to a brick red/yellow/green precipitate.

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10
Q

similarities and differences between triglycerides and phospholipids

A
  • both contain ester bonds
  • both contain glycerol
  • both are insoluble in water
  • triglycerides contain 3 fatty acids and a glycerol whereas phospholipids contain only 2 fatty acids with a glycerol and a phosphate head
  • triglycerides are hydrophobic whereas phospholipids are both hydrophobic and hydrophilic
  • phospholipids can form a bilayer, triglycerides cannot.
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11
Q

test for lipids

A

add ethanol and shake, milky white emulsion appears

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12
Q

Meaning of saturated in lipids

A

Saturated means there is only 1 carbon-carbon double bond and has the most amount of hydrogen it can, tends to be solid at room temperature

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13
Q

Triglyceride functions

A

insulate and protect organs, act as an energy storage and can be broken down to release energy when needed.

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14
Q

Phospholipid functions

A

hydrophilic region faces faces aqueous environments so can form a bilayer, used for cell membranes, allows processes to occur in sub cellular compartments.

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15
Q

Test for proteins

A

add biuret reagent, colour change from blue to lilac

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16
Q

General structure from amino acids

A

Amine group, CH and R group, carboxyl group

17
Q

What is the primary structure of a protein

A

A specific sequence of amino acids that form peptide bonds between them to form a polypeptide chain.

18
Q

What is the secondary structure of a protein

A

Long polypeptide chain coils together by forming hydrogen bonds between hydrogen and oxygen groups, forming either an alpha helix or beta pleated sheet.

19
Q

What is the tertiary structure of a protein

A

Different R groups along the polypeptide chain will form disulfide bridges, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds and will base the shape of the structure.

20
Q

What is the quaternary structure of a protein

A

Formed from more than one polypeptide chain and joined and coiled together from the interactions between R-groups.

21
Q

What do non-competitive inhibitors do to an enzyme

A
  • bond to allosteric site and change the shape of the active site permanently, so the reaction is irreversible
22
Q

What do competitive inhibitors do to an enzyme

A

They bond temporarily to the active site and do not affect the shape, so the reaction is reversible.

23
Q

What are the steps to induced fit

A
  • active site is not originally complementary to substrate
  • active site changes shape to fit to substrate
  • enzyme-substrate complex is formed and this distorts the bonds in the substrate
24
Q

What are the 4 factors affecting enzyme activity

A

pH, temperature, substrate concentration, enzyme concentration

25
Q

Differences between RNA and DNA (SSLB)

A
  • DNA is double stranded, RNA is singularly stranded
  • DNA contains deoxyribose sugar, RNA contains ribose sugar
  • DNA is a much larger and longer molecule, RNA is a much smaller and shorter molecule
  • DNA contains bases adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine, RNA contains bases adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil
26
Q

What is the structure of a DNA molecule

A
  • double helix coiled structure
  • a polymer of nucleotides
  • nucleotides consists of 1 deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group and 1 nitrogenous base (TGCA)
  • phosphodiester bonds form between each nucleotide
  • hydrogen bonds for between complementary bases
27
Q

How is DNA replicated

A
  • DNA helicase unwinds and unzips the double strand structure and breaks the hydrogen bonds between complementary nitrogenous bases
  • both of these strands now act as template strands
  • free activated DNA nucleotides in the nucleoplasm form hydrogen with their complementary bases on the template strands
  • DNA polymerase joins nucelotides by forming phosphodiester bonds between adjacent nucleotides
  • two identical DNA molecules are formed, consisting of one original strand and one new synthesised strand
28
Q

DNA functions

A
  • sugar-phosphate backbone protects nitrogenous bases
  • large molecule so can store lots of info
  • double stranded so semi conservative replication can make identical copies
  • weak hydrogen bonds between complementary nitrogenous bases so can easily be broken for replication
29
Q

Roles of ATP (MMSA)

A
  • metabolic reactions
  • movement (muscle contraction)
  • secretion of products from cells
  • activation of molecules (phosphorylation)
30
Q

How do disulfide bridges form in tertiary structures of proteins?

A
  • strong covalent bonds
  • between R groups
  • of 2 CYSTEINE amino acids
31
Q

What does more cholesterol in the phospholipid bilayer mean?

A

More cholesterol means less membrane fluidity and more membrane stability and rigidity.

32
Q

Species that have higher body temperatures tend to have a higher cholesterol concentration in their cell membranes. Suggest why.

A

Higher temperatures increase the kinetic energy of molecules (e.g. phospholipids) in the membrane. If these molecules move too much, the membrane will break apart. Cholesterol helps to stabilise the membrane and reduce the chance of this happening

33
Q

How is induced fit similar to that of lock and key theory

A
  • both have enzyme-substrate complexes form
  • substrate binds to an active site

Biology (7 decks)

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