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biological molecules Flashcards

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Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

why do large molecules often contain carbon?

A

Carbon atoms readily link to one another to form a chain

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2
Q

What is the name of a molecule made up of many repeating units?

A

polymer

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3
Q

Why does benedict’s test turn red when heated with a reducing sugar?

A

The sugar donates electrons that reduce blue copper sulfate to orange copper oxide

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4
Q

what is lactose made of?

A

glucose+galactose

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5
Q

what is sucrose made of?

A

glucose+fructose

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6
Q

what is starch made of?

A

alpha glucose

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7
Q

what is the formula of sucrose?

A

C12H22O11

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8
Q

Why do enzymes require lower temperatures to function?

A

Enzymes denature at higher temperatures this prevents them from functioning

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9
Q

What stains deep blue in iodine solution?

A

starch

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10
Q

“animal starch”

A

glycogen

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11
Q

What polysaccharide has a structural function?

A

cellulose

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12
Q

what can easily move in and out of cells via facilitated diffusion?

A

alpha and beta glucose

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13
Q

What sugars can be hydrolysed?

A

starch, cellulose, glycogen

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14
Q

Differences between triglycerides and phospholipids?

A

triglycerides: 3 fatty acids, no phosphate group, non-polar
phospholipids: 2 fatty acids, 1 phosphate group, hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail

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15
Q

why do organisms that move use lipids as energy stores?

A

lipids provide twice as much energy as carbohydrates, when they are oxidised

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16
Q

What is the bond that joins amino acid together?

A

peptide bond

17
Q

What reaction joins amino acids together?

A

condensation reaction

18
Q

what components make up an amino acid?

A

amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen atom, R group

19
Q

what is a catalyst?

A

A substance that alters the rate of a chemical reaction without undergoing a permanent change

20
Q

why are enzymes effective in small quantities?

A

They are not used up so can be used repeatedly

21
Q

why would changing an amino acid in the active site of an enzyme prevent it from working?

A

The active site can no longer bind to the substrate

22
Q

why would changing an amino acid NOT in the active site of an enzyme prevent it from working?

A

it can affect the hydrogen bonds in the enzyme, and change its entire shape

23
Q

Why do enzymes function worse at lower temperatures?

A

Molecules have less kinetic energy, so there are less collisions

24
Q

Why may high temperatures prevent an enzyme from working?

A

The tertiary structure of the enzyme will change. bonds in the enzyme are broken.

25
Q

what is a competitive inhibitor?

A

competitive inhibitors occupy the active site of an enzyme

26
Q

what is a non-competitive inhibitor?

A

Attach to a site other than the active site of an enzyme

27
Q

How do you tell if something is a competitive inhibitor or non-competitive?

A

If the degree of inhibition is reduced, it is competitive, if it stays the same it is non-competitive

28
Q

What are the components of a nucleotide?

A

pentose sugar, phosphate group, organic base

29
Q

What bonds with Thymine?

A

Adenine

30
Q

What bonds with Cytosine?

A

Guanine

31
Q

Why is the process of DNA replication semi-conservative?

A

Half of the original DNA is built into the new DNA strand

32
Q

What is DNA polymerase?

A

an enzyme that creates DNA molecules by assembling nucleotides

33
Q

What is DNA helicase?

A

Breaks the hydrogen bonds that hold the 2 strands together

34
Q

Why is ATP referred to as an “immediate energy source”?

A

ATP releases its energy rapidly and in a single step, it is too unstable for long term storage

35
Q

How can ATP make an enzyme catalysed reaction take place more readily?

A

ATP provides a phosphate that can attach to another molecule and make it more reactive and lower its activation energy, enzymes have less work to do

36
Q

What are the roles of ATP in plant cells?

A

active transport, secretions, activation of molecules

37
Q

What does dipolar mean?

A

It has a positive and negative pole

38
Q

What are the bonds between water molecules called?

A

hydrogen bonds

39
Q

What does the stickiness of water mean?

A

It has high surface tension

biological molecules (1 decks)

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