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A-Level Biology OCR A Module 2 > Biological molecules > Flashcards

Biological molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

chemical bond

A
  • two or more elements sharing a bond through electrons
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2
Q

covalent bond

A
  • non- metals sharing electrons with a strong bond
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3
Q

single bond

A
  • sharing one pair of electrons
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4
Q

double bond

A
  • sharing two pairs of electrons
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5
Q

non-polar covalent bond

A
  • chemical bond that is formed when electrons are shared equally between two atoms
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6
Q

polar covalent bond

A
  • chemical bond that is formed when electrons are not equally shared between two atoms
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7
Q

hydrogen bond

A
  • when a hydrogen atom is covalently bonded to one electronegative atom to another nearby electronegative atom
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8
Q

polarity

A
  • uneven sharing of electrons
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9
Q

polar

A
  • contains a positively and negatively charged region
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10
Q

dipolar

A
  • two charged regions
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11
Q

hydrophilic

A
  • substances dissolve in water easily
  • (water loving)
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12
Q

hydrophobic

A
  • substances do not dissolve in water
  • (water hating)
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13
Q

6 properties of water

A
  • solvent / metabolite
  • cohesive
  • high surface tension
  • high specific capacity and latent heat vaporisation
  • incompressible
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14
Q

4 roles of water

A
  • solvent
  • transport medium
  • coolant
  • habitat
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15
Q

monomer

A
  • smaller units that join together to form larger molecules
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16
Q

example of monomers

A
  • monosaccharides
  • amino acids
  • nucleotides
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17
Q

structure of monosacchrides

A
  • formula is (CH2O) n
  • consists of single unit which contains carbon chain of three to six carbon
  • combine through glycosidic bonds to form larger carbohydrates
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18
Q

polymer

A
  • molecules formed when many monomers join together
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19
Q

example of polymers

A
  • polysaccharides
  • proteins
  • DNA / RNA
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20
Q

condensation

A
  • chemical bond that forms between two molecules
  • a molecule of water is produced
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21
Q

hydrolysis

A
  • a water molecule is used to break a chemical bond between two molecules
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22
Q

chemical elements found in carbohydrates

A
  • carbon
  • hydrogen
  • oxygen
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23
Q

chemical elements found in lipids

A
  • carbon
  • hydrogen
  • oxygen
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24
Q

chemical elements found in proteins

A
  • carbon
  • hydrogen
  • oxygen
  • nitrogen
  • sulfur
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25
Q

chemical elements found in nucleic acids

A
  • carbon
  • hydrogen
  • oxygen
  • nitrogen
  • phosphorous
26
Q

function of monosaccharides

A
  • main function is to produce and store energy
  • building blocks of more complex sugars that are used as structural elements
27
Q

structure of alpha glucose

A
  • hexose monosaccharide
  • 6 carbon, 12 hydrogen, 6 oxygen
  • structural cis isomer
28
Q

properties of alpha glucose

A
  • building block of glycogen & starch
  • main sugar used in respiration
  • soluble, easily transported in respiration
29
Q

structure of beta glucose

A
  • hexose monosaccharide
  • 6 carbon, 12 hydrogen, 6 oxygen
  • structural trans isomer
30
Q

function of beta glucose

A
  • polymerise to make cellulose
  • essential polysaccharide used in the structure of plants
31
Q

difference between alpha and beta glucose

A
  • alpha glucose hydroxyl group is below carbon 1
  • beta glucose hydroxyl group is above carbon 1
  • humans can’t digest beta glucose
32
Q

structure of ribose

A
  • pentose monosaccharide
  • ring structure
  • 5 carbon, 10 hydrogen, 5 oxygen
33
Q

function of ribose

A
  • forms the backbone of ribonucleic acid (RNA)
  • essential in energy production
34
Q

difference between hexose and pentose monosaccharide

A
  • hexose has 6 carbon atoms
  • pentose has 5 carbon atoms
35
Q

disaccharides

A
  • condensation forms glycosidic bonds between two monosaccharides
  • sucrose, galactose, maltose
  • all have molecular formula of C12H22O11
36
Q

sucrose

A
  • joined by alpha 1,4 glycosidic bond
  • glucose + fructose
  • used in many plants for transporting food reserves
  • transported from leaves to other parts of plants
  • table sugar
37
Q

lactose

A
  • joined by 1,4 beta glycosidic bond
  • glucose + galactose
  • sugar found in the mlik of mammals
  • milk sugar
38
Q

maltose

A
  • joined by alpha 1,4 glycosidic bond
  • glucose + glucose
  • first product of starch digestion
  • further broken down to glucose before being absorption in the human gut
39
Q

polysaccharides

A
  • glycogen
  • starch
  • cellulose
40
Q

structure of polysaccharides

A
  • polymers made up of multiple glucose monosaccharides connected by ether bonds
  • condensation of alpha or beta glucose
41
Q

function of polysaccharides

A
  • providing structural support
  • storing energy
  • sending cellular communication signals
42
Q

structure of starch

A
  • mixture of two polysacchardies - amylose and amylopectin
  • very compact molecule
  • linked by glycosidic bonds in a condensation reaction
43
Q

function of starch

A
  • key energy store in plants
  • insouble, doesn’t affect water potential in cells
  • storage polymer of alpha glucose in plant cells
44
Q

structure of amylose

A
  • unbranched polymer
  • glucose monomers joined by 1,4 glycosidic bonds
  • helix with intermolecular hydrogen bonds
45
Q

function of amylose

A
  • 20% of starch
  • glucose released by enzyme action at both ends of polymer (slower release)
46
Q

structure of amylopectin

A
  • branched polymer
  • glucose monomers joined by 1,4 and 1.6 glycosidic bonds
47
Q

function of amylopectin

A
  • 80% of starch
  • glucose released by enzyme action at all ends of the polymer (rapid release)
48
Q

structure of glycogen

A
  • formed from many molecules of alpha glucose joined together by 1, 4 and 1, 6 glycosidic bonds
  • branched, insoluble, compact
49
Q

function of glycogen

A
  • a reserve source of energy for the body, providing quick energy when needed
  • main storage polymer of alpha glucose found in animal cells
50
Q

structure of cellulose

A
  • made up of unbranched chains of glucose molecules linked via beta 1-4 glycosidic bonds
  • straight chain, unbranched molecule
  • alternate glucose molecules are rotated 180
  • high tensile strength
51
Q

function of cellulose

A
  • polymer of beta glucose gives rigidity and structural support for plant cell walls
52
Q

5 functions of lipids

A
  • energy storage
  • hormones
  • solvent
  • thermal insulation
  • buoyancy
53
Q

formation of trigylcerides

A
  • condensation reaction
  • 1 molecule of glycerol and 3 fatty acids
  • forms 3 ester bonds
54
Q

functions of triglycerides

A
  • high energy : mass ratio
  • insouble hydrocarbon chain
  • slow conductor of heat
  • less dense than water
55
Q

functions of fatty acids

A
  • hydrophobic
  • grouped together
  • non-polar - no charge
56
Q

saturated fatty acids

A
  • only single bonds
  • straight chain molecules - many contact points
  • higher melting point - solid at room temperature
  • found in animal fats
57
Q

unsaturated fatty acids

A
  • double carbon bonds
  • kinked molecules - fewer contact points
  • lower melting point - liquid at room temperature
  • found in plant oils
58
Q

structure of phospholipids

A
  • glycerol backbone attached to two hydrophobic fatty acids and a hydrophilic polar phosphate head
59
Q

function of phospholipids

A
  • forms phospholipid bilayer in water - component of membranes
  • tails can splay outwards - waterproofing for skin
60
Q
A

A-Level Biology OCR A Module 2 (6 decks)

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