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CHEMISTRY > Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Biological Molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the four classes of biomolecules?

A

Carbs
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acids

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2
Q

What is the main source of energy for biological function?

A

Carbohydrates

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3
Q

Name some functions for proteins

A

DNA replication
Cell Signaling
Metabolic Reactions
Enzymatic Reactions
Membrane Transport

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4
Q

These functions as membrane structure and high energy storage.

A

Lipids

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5
Q

What are macromolecules responsible for storage and transfer of genetic information.

A

Nucleic Acids

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6
Q

______ make up carbohydrates

A

Sugar

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7
Q

______ make up proteins

A

Amino Acids

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8
Q

________ make up lipids

A

Fatty Acids

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9
Q

_______ make up nucleic acids.

A

Nucleotides

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10
Q

What is the primary source of energy for the body through metabolism of ATP?

A

Carbohydrates

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11
Q

What is a one sugar unit called?
Two?
Multiple?

A

Monosaccharides

Disaccharides

Polysaccharides

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12
Q

What are straight chain sugars that are easily broken down called)

What are sugar with branch chains called (more difficult to break).

A

Simple Sugar

Complex Sugar

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13
Q

What are fibers?

A

Complex Sugar

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14
Q

Classification of Carbohydrates are broken down into 3 portions. What are they?

A

Carbonyl Type (aldose or ketose)

Carbon Number (3,4,5,6)

Stereoisomer (last -OH group, D-right side all natural sugar or L-left side).

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15
Q

What is a Fischer Projection?

A

Open-form of the sugar
Vertical carbon chain

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16
Q

What is a Haworth Projection?

A

Close-form of the sugar
Last hydroxyl group cyclizes onto the carbonyl group to form a ring

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17
Q

If all stereocenters swap out we have an _______.

A

Enantiomer (mirror image)

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18
Q

If just one stereocenter swaps out we have a _________.

A

Diastereomer

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19
Q

What position is the alpha-anomer in?

What position is the beta-anomer in?

A

Down

Up

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20
Q

Fischer to Haworth
If -OH group is on the right, it is _______

If -OH group is on the left, it is _____

A

Down

UP

21
Q

What is the position of Carbon 1 when going from Fischer to Haworth?

A

Either up (beta) or down (alpha).

22
Q

How is the bond formed when sugars are linked to each other?

A

Glycosidic Bond

23
Q

What is the anomeric position?

A

Carbon 1 of the Haworth projection, to the right of the ether group.

24
Q

What three things are needed for something to be considered an amino acid?

A
  1. Amine
  2. Carboxylic Acid
  3. Side Chain (polar, NP, acidic, basic)
25
Q

Amino acids are sensitive to _____

A

pH

26
Q

Stereoisomers of Amino Acids
Right side is ______
Left side is _______

A

Right is Dash (D)

Left is Wedge (L) (all natural AA)

27
Q

What side will indicate natural sugars?

What side will indicate all natural AA?

A

All natural sugar is D (right)

All natural AA is L (left/wedge)

28
Q

What is a 3 carbon sugar called?
4 C?
5 C?
6 C?

A

Triose

Tetrose

Pentose

Hexose

29
Q

What is 2 amino acids called?
3 AA
4 AA
More than 4, unbranched AA?

A

Dipeptide

Tripeptide

Tetrapeptide

Polypeptide

30
Q

What are the two ends of an amino acid?

A

N-terminus: beginning amine

C-terminus: ending carboxylic acid

31
Q

What is a peptide bond?

A

An amide bond.

32
Q

How can you determine the number of residues an AA contains by counting peptide bonds?

A

If the structure is linear peptide bond + 1 = amino acid structure.

If the structure is cyclic. The peptide bond = amino acid number.

33
Q

What is a reside?

A

A single amino acid.

34
Q

A peptide bond gives protein a well defined _________. Due to rotational hinderance.

A

Shape.

35
Q

What is the primary structure?

A

The sequence of amino acids.

36
Q

What is the fixed arrangement of the poly peptide backbone called?

What are the two categories?

A

Secondary Structure.

Alpha Helix (stabilized by intrAmolecular H-bonding)
Beta Sheets (stabilized by intermolecular H-bonding)

37
Q

What is the tertiary structure?

A

Unique 3D shape d/t folding.

38
Q

What is the arrangement of multiple subunits into larger structure called? Multiple tertiary structures together.

A

Quaternary structure

39
Q

Lipids have _______ solubility in aqueous environment.

A

Low

40
Q

What are the 3 main functional area of lipids?

A
  1. Energy storage
  2. Membrane structure
  3. Chemical signaling
41
Q

What are the four structural types of lipids?

A
  1. Fatty Acids.
  2. Glycerides
  3. Non-Glycerides
  4. Complex
42
Q

What are the two types of Fatty Acids?

A
  1. Saturated (C-C)
  2. Non-saturated (C=C), more naturally occurring
43
Q

Large structures of lipids form hormone like biomolecules called________.

A

Eicosanoids

44
Q

Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Thromboxanes are derived from a fatty acid called ________

A

Arachidonic Acid

45
Q

This is a biomolecule with a 3 membrane glycerol backbone with n appended fatty acid.

What is its role?

What are the two types?

A

Glyceride

Energy Storage-more energy per/gram than sugars
Form lipid bilayers

  1. Triglyceride (Neutral)
  2. Phosphoglyceride (Ionic)
46
Q

What are the three subtypes of non-glycerides?

A
  1. Sphingolipids
  2. Steroids
  3. Waxes
47
Q

_______ are bond to other molecules. The have two sub types: Liproprotein and Glycproteins.

A

Complex Lipids

48
Q

What are glycolipids?

A

These are lipids that are bond to sugar, act as a site for viruses to enter cell.

49
Q

What are examples of lipoproteins?

A

Chylomicrons- carry trigly from intestines to other tissues.

VLDL- carry trigly from the liver.

LDL- carry cholesterol to periphery

HDL- carry cholesterol from periphery to liver

CHEMISTRY (4 decks)

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