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Revision > Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Biological Molecules Flashcards

1
Q

What is a monomer

A

Smaller units that can make up larger molecules

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2
Q

What is a polymer

A

Made up from lots of monomers

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3
Q

Name the 3 monosaccharides

A

Glucose (a) (b)
Galactose
Fructose

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4
Q

What makes up the disascharride maltose

A

Glucose+Glucose = Maltose and water

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5
Q

What makes up the disaccharide lactose

A

Glucose+Galactose= Lactose and water

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6
Q

What makes up the disaccharide sucrose

A

Glucose+Fructose= Sucrose and water

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7
Q

What are the 3 polysaccharides

A

Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose

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8
Q

What are the 3 components of starch

A

Amylose
Amylopectin

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9
Q

How is starch adapted to its function.

A

1:4 and 1:6 glycosidic bonds.
Insoluble so doesn’t affect water potential.
Amylose = unbranched structure, helical so can be compacted.
Amylopectin = branched structure so increases surface area for rapid hydrolysis.

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10
Q

How is cellulose adapted to its function in a cell wall

A

1:4 glycosidic bonds line up straight next to each other and hydrogen bonds join them forming fibrils.
Gives high tensile strength and maintains rigidity.
Insoluble so doesn’t affect water potential.

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11
Q

How is glycogen adapted to its function

A

Branched structure.
Lots of 1:6 glycosidic bonds so bigger surface area for rapid hydrolysis.
Insoluble so doesn’t affect water potential

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12
Q

What is the difference between alpha and beta glucose

A

There hydroxyl groups are inverted.

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13
Q

What are the 2 lipids you must know

A

Triglycerides
Phospholipids

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14
Q

What is the structure of a Triglyceride

A

Glycerol, 3 fatty acids

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15
Q

What is the structure of a Phospholipid

A

Glycerol , 2 fatty acids and 1 phosphate group.

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16
Q

How are triglycerides formed.

A

Condensation reaction forming 3 ester bonds.

17
Q

What is saturated

A

Only single bonds between carbons

18
Q

What is unsaturated

A

At least 1 double bond between carbon atoms

19
Q

How is a triglyceride adapted to its function?

A

Hyrdrophobic = so does not affect water potential so will not affect osmosis.
Lipids have a low mass= so a lot can be stored without more mass.
High ratio of H-O atoms they act as a metabolic water source, triglycerides can release water if oxidised.
Due to a high ratio of storing-carbon-hydrogen bonds compared to carbon atoms.

20
Q

How are phospholipids adapted to there function

A

Hydrophilic head due to negative charge on phosphate group.
Attracts water and repels fats as it is charged.

21
Q

How is the phospholipid bi layer formed?

A

Hydrophilic head attracts water so is on the outside but the hydrophobic tail goes on the inside away from the water as it repels water

22
Q

What groups are in the amino acid

A

Amino group = NH2
Variable group= option of 20
Carboxyl group = OH and C=O

23
Q

What is a dipeptide

A

Formed by 2 amino acids by a condensation reaction.

24
Q

What is a polypeptide

A

Formed by many amino acids by a condensation reaction.

25
Q

What is a condensation reaction.

A

Joining of 2 molecules with loss of water.

26
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction

A

Breaking up to molecules involving water

27
Q

What is primary protein structure

A

Order of amino acids in polypeptide chain.
(〰)

28
Q

Secondary structure

A

Sequence of amino acids causes parts of proteins to bend into
An alpha helix 🧬
And beta pleated sheet 〰️

29
Q

Tertiary structure

A

Further folding of secondary structure to form unique 3D structure held in place by ionic, hydrogen and disulphide bridges.

30
Q

Quaternary structure

A

Protein made up of more than one polypeptide chain.

31
Q

What does the induced fit model show

A

It states that the enzyme active site is endives or slightly changes shape to fit around the substrate.

32
Q

Why does the activation energy lower?

A

When the enzyme substrate complex occurs due to the enzyme moulding around the substrate it puts strain on the bonds and therefore lowers the activation energy

33
Q

What effects am enzyme controlled reaction

A

Temperature
pH
Substance concentration
Enzyme concentration
Inhibitors

Revision (4 decks)

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