Biological Molecules

Question 1

1. Starch
2. Reducing sugar
3. Protein
4. Fats

(Reagent, Procedure, Reagent color, Color if positive)

Answer 1

1. Iodine, Put drops of iodine on the starch, Yellow-orange, Blue-black
2. Benedict, Dissolve food sample in water and introduce benedict solution. Place test tube in a water bath., Blue, Brick red
3. Biuret, Grind in a test tube and introduce biuret solution., Light blue, Purple
4. Ethanol, Put the food then add ethanol, Clear, Cloudy layer on top.

Question 2

Glycogen, starch and cellulose

+Glucose

Answer 2

Glycogen: storage from of glucose in animals
Starch: storage from of glucose in plants
Cellulose: components in plants’ cell wall that makes it strong and rigid

Glucose is a small sugar molecule so when many glucose molecules bind tg in a chain, cellulose, starch and glycogen can be made.
Starch and glucose are stored in cells and used in respiration to provide energy for the organism

Question 3

Biological molecules (legos)

Answer 3

Biological molecules are important in organisms to build structure and for use in metabolic reactions. Large molecules are made when smaller molecules bind tg

Question 4

Carbohydrates, (hog) 
End products of lipids
Fats and oils are made up of?
Roles of fats
Types of fats

Answer 4

Made up of many sugar molecules containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms.

Fatty acids & glycerol are the end products of the digestion of lipids.

Fats and oils are made up of fatty acids and glycerol which contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Fats have a variety of roles such as insulation, energy, waterproofing, structure and protection around delicate organisms.

Types of fat
Saturated and unsaturated.

Question 5

Proteins(chosen)

+enzymes and antibodies(+ what they do)

Answer 5

Made up of (chosen) carbon, oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen. These elements make up amino acids which bind tg to make proteins. Different arrangements of amino acids make up different proteins and form different shapes.
Enzymes are proteins: they have active sites that have specific shapes and allow a specific substrate molecule catalyze metabolic reactions.
Antibodies also have a specific shape formed by a specific sequence amino acids. This allows them to bind to antigens on foreign pathogens to kill them.

Question 6

Pathogen and Antigen

Answer 6

Pathogen- any disease causing organism

Antigen- The part of the pathogen that antibodies recognize

Question 7

What are enzymes?

Answer 7

Biological catalysts that speed up the chemical reactions that take place in all cells but without being used up in the process.

Question 8

Factors that affect the rate of reaction

Answer 8

Temperature
pH
Enzyme concentration
Substrate concentration 
Surface area
Pressure

Question 9

Optimum

+what happens if the optimum is gone beyond?

Answer 9

The temp and pH all enzymes work best at.
If the temp and pH changes beyond the enzyme’s optimum, the shape of the enzyme irreversibly changes. This affects the shape of the active site and means that the enzyme will no longer work. When this happens, the enzyme is denatured.

Question 10

Active site

Answer 10

The part of the enzymes to which the reaction binds