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Biological molecules Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What a polymers? Give an example

A

Large complex molecules composed of chains of monomers.

Starch

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2
Q 
Name the polymer of each monomer...
Glucose 
Amino acids 
Nucleic acid 
Fatty acid and glyerol
A

Starch/cellulose/glucagon
Protein
DNA/RNA
Lipids

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3
Q

How are monomers joined to make a polymer?

A

Through a condensation reaction where H2O is removed forming a bond.

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4
Q

What reaction separates polymers?

A

Hydrolysis, water is removed.

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5
Q

What is a polysaccharide and a monosaccharide?

A 
Polysaccharide= more than two monosaccharides joined 
Monosaccharide= The monomers carbohydrates are made from
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6
Q 
Finish what is made from...
Glucose + fructose 
Glucose + galactose
Alpha glucose + alpha glucose
Beta glucose + beta glucose
A

Sucrose + H2O
Lactose + H20
Maltose + H20
Cellulose + H20

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7
Q

Properties of starch

A

Energy storage for plants
Insoluble, doesn’t affect water potential or swell
Branched, enzymes used to break it down can access quickly
Coiled, more room

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8
Q

Properties of glycogen

A

Energy storage for animals
Branched, glucose can be released quickly
Compact, allows for more room

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9
Q

Properties of cellulose

A

Major component of cell walls in plants
Long unbranched chains of beta glucose
H bonds form microfibrils, provides structural support

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10
Q

Properties and role of Lipids

A

Non-polar, insoluble in water, made up of C H O, soluble in organic solvents
Insulation, cell membranes, energy, protection

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11
Q

How are triglycerides formed? What bond?

A

Condensation reaction, ester bond

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12
Q

What are triglycerides made up of?

A 
Glycerol and three fatty acid chains...
    H                        O H H H H
H-C-O-H         HO-C-C-C-C-C-H      (x3)
H-C-O-H                   H H H H      
H-C-O-H
    H
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13
Q

What s a phospholipid?

A 
Special lipid that has phosphate molecules instead of one of the acid chains.
(Phosphate group)
     R
     O
  O-P= O
     O
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14
Q

Properties of triglycerides

A

Long hydrocarbon tails contain chemical energy

Insoluble

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15
Q

Properties of phospholipids

A

Can make up a bilayer of cell membranes
Hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails, double layer
Water soluble molecules can’t pass

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16
Q

Role of protein

A

Enzymes, often have roles in metabolism
Antibodies, involved in the immune response
Transport, present in cell membranes transporting ions and molecules
Structure, strong proteins providing structure

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17
Q

What are amino acids joined by?

A

Peptide bonds

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18
Q

What is a proteins primary structure?

A

The sequence of amino acids controlling the properties of the polypeptide.

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19
Q

What is a proteins secondary structure?

A

The shape of the polypeptide as a result of being pulled by H bonds.
Either an alpha helix or a beta pleated sheet

20
Q

What is a proteins tertiarty structure?

A

How other forces of attraction cause the polypeptide to form a complex and unique shape.
Eg, disulphide or ionic bonds

21
Q

What is a proteins quaternary structure?

A

When polypeptide have more than one polypeptide.

Eg, haemoglobin have haem groups which aren’t part of the protein but enable it to carry O2.

22
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

Lower the activation energy required in a reaction

23
Q

Describe the lock and key model

A

Enzymes have a fixed active site complimentary to the structure of the substrate.

24
Q

Describe the induced fit model

A

The enzyme has an active site which becomes complimentary to the substrate as they form an ES complex. The binding puts pressure on the H bonds of the substrate which makes the reaction occur more quickly.

25
Q

Name the factors affecting enzyme activity

A

Heat
PH level
Enzyme concentration
Substrate concentration (to a point)

26
Q

What is competitive inhibition?

A

Molecule which has a similar shape to the substrate blocks the active site, the enzyme and substrate cannot form an ES complex.

27
Q

What is non-competitive inhibition?

A

Molecule which binds the the enzyme at another binding site, which changes the shape of the active site and the substrate can no longer bind to the enzyme.

28
Q

What are the bases of DNA?

A

Adenosine, Thymine

Cytosine, Guanine

29
Q

What are the bases of RNA?

A

Adenosine, Uracil

Cytosine, Guanine

30
Q

What is DNA made up of?

A

A nucleotide (the monomer of DNA)
A phosphate group, a deoxyribose sugar, and a nitrogenous base
Bonds between the phosphate group and carbon 3 (making DNA stable, allows it to coil, protects from damage)

31
Q

What is RNA made of?

A

A ribose sugar, phosphate group and nitrogenous base.

Shorter than DNA

32
Q

How dos DNA replicate?

A

Semi conservatively
DNA helicase breaks H-bonds and unwinds the strands
The original strand acts as a template
DNA polymerase catalyses bonding of free floating DNA nucleotides

33
Q

What does it mean that DNA strands are antiparallel?

A

Each end is slightly different in structure
One end is 3’ and one is 5’
DNA polymerase= complementary to 3’
DNA polymerase moves down template strand 3’ to 5’

34
Q

Describe evidence for semi- conservative

A 
Two samples of bacteria was grown (one light N one heavy N)
Sample taken and spun in centrifuge 
Light N settled higher 
Heavy N was added to light N broth
Then was spun again 
DNA settled in the middle
35
Q

Name some properties of water

A

Used in important metabolic reactions eg. hydrolysis
Can be a solvent (most reactions take place in a solution)
High latent heat of vaporisation (good temperature control)
Cohesive (good transport molecule)
Polar molecule

36
Q

Name the structure of water

A

One O joined to two H, shared electrons
The shared neg electron pulled towards O causing other side left with positive charge
unshared electrons give slight negative charge
Makes water a polar molecule

37
Q

Describe the structure of ATP

A

An adenine base
Ribose sugar
Phosphate group (high energy bonds)

38
Q

How is energy released from ATP?

A

ATP is broken down into ADP+ Pi
In a hydrolysis reaction
Catalysed by ATP hydrolase

39
Q

How can the inorganic phosphate from the hydrolysing of ATP be used?

A

Added to another compound to make it more reactive

phosphorylation

40
Q

How is ATP re-synthesised?

A

In a condensation reaction between ADP+ Pi
Happens during respiration and photosynthesis
Catalysed by ATP synthase

41
Q

What is a cation?

A

An ion with positive charge

42
Q

What is a anion?

A

An ion with a negative charge

43
Q

What is an inorganic ion?

A

An atom that has an electric charge
An inorganic ion doesn’t contain carbon (with exceptions)
Inorganic ions in a solution (cytoplasm), each ion with a specific role

44
Q

Talk about iron ions role in haemoglobin

A

Haemoglobin= carry oxygen in RBC
Made up of 4 polypeptides, iron ion in centre
The iron ion binds to the oxygen
When bound Fe2+ temporarily becomes Fe3+

45
Q

Talk about hydrogen ions role in pH

A

pH is determined by the concentration of H ions in the environment
More H ions= lower pH

46
Q

Talk about sodium ions role in co-transport

A

Glucose and amino acids need to be co-transported across membranes
They can be co-transported by Na ions

47
Q

Talk about phosphate ions role in ATP and DNA

A

Both DNA and ATP contain phosphate groups
In ATP the phosphate groups store energy
In DNA phosphate groups allow nucleotides to join up

Biology (17 decks)

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