Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Biological Macromolecules > Flashcards

Biological Macromolecules Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

type of secondary protein structure formed by folding the polypeptide into a helix shape with hydrogen bonds stabilizing the structure

A

alpha-helix structure (α-helix)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

a protein’s monomer; has a central carbon or alpha carbon to which an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen, and an R group or side chain is attached; the R group is different for all 20 common amino acids

A

amino acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

secondary structure in proteins in which hydrogen bonding forms “pleats” between atoms on the polypeptide chain’s backbone

A

beta-pleated sheet (β-pleated)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

large molecule necessary for life that is built from smaller organic molecules

A

biological macromolecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

biological macromolecule in which the ratio of carbon to hydrogen and to oxygen is 1:2:1; carbohydrates serve as energy sources and structural support in cells and form arthropods’ cellular exoskeleton

A

carbohydrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

polysaccharide that comprises the plants’ cell wall; provides structural support to the cell

A

cellulose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

(also, chaperonin) protein that helps nascent protein in the folding process

A

chaperone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

type of carbohydrate that forms the outer skeleton of all arthropods that include crustaceans and insects; it also forms fungi cell walls

A

chitin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

(also, condensation) reaction that links monomer molecules, releasing a water molecule for each bond formed

A

dehydration synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

loss of shape in a protein as a result of changes in temperature, pH, or chemical exposure

A

denaturation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

double-helical molecule that carries the cell’s hereditary information

A

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

two sugar monomers that a glycosidic bond links

A

disaccharide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

catalyst in a biochemical reaction that is usually a complex or conjugated protein

A

enzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

storage carbohydrate in animals

A

glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

bond formed by a dehydration reaction between two monosaccharides with eliminating a water molecule

A

glycosidic bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

chemical signaling molecule, usually protein or steroid, secreted by endocrine cells that act to control or regulate specific physiological processes

A

hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

reaction that causes breakdown of larger molecules into smaller molecules by utilizing water

A

hydrolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

macromolecule that is nonpolar and insoluble in water

A

lipid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

RNA that carries information from DNA to ribosomes during protein synthesis

A

messenger RNA (mRNA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

smallest unit of larger molecules that are polymers

A

monomer

21
Q

single unit or monomer of carbohydrates

A

monosaccharide

22
Q

monomer of nucleic acids; contains a pentose sugar, one or more phosphate groups, and a nitrogenous base

A

nucleotide

23
Q

type of polyunsaturated fat that the body requires; numbering the carbon omega starts from the methyl end or the end that is farthest from the carboxylic end

A

omega fat

24
Q

bond formed between two amino acids by a dehydration reaction

A

peptide bond

25
Q

covalent chemical bond that holds together the polynucleotide chains with a phosphate group linking neighboring nucleotides’ two pentose sugars

A

phosphodiester linkage

26
Q

membranes’ major constituent; comprised of two fatty acids and a phosphate-containing group attached to a glycerol backbone

A

phospholipid

27
Q

chain of monomer residues that covalent bonds link; polymerization is the process of polymer formation from monomers by condensation

A

polymer

28
Q

long chain of nucleotides

A

polynucleotide

29
Q

long chain of amino acids that peptide bonds link

A

polypeptide

30
Q

long chain of monosaccharides; may be branched or unbranched

A

polysaccharide

31
Q

linear sequence of amino acids in a protein

A

primary structure

32
Q

biological macromolecule comprised of one or more amino acid chains

A

protein

33
Q

type of nitrogenous base in DNA and RNA; adenine and guanine are purines

A

purine

34
Q

type of nitrogenous base in DNA and RNA; cytosine, thymine, and uracil are pyrimidines

A

pyrimidine

35
Q

association of discrete polypeptide subunits in a protein

A

quaternary structure

36
Q

single-stranded, often internally base paired, molecule that is involved in protein synthesis

A

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

37
Q

RNA that ensures the proper alignment of the mRNA and the ribosomes during protein synthesis and catalyzes forming the peptide linkage

A

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

38
Q

long-chain hydrocarbon with single covalent bonds in the carbon chain; the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton is maximized

A

saturated fatty acid

39
Q

regular structure that proteins form by intramolecular hydrogen bonding between the oxygen atom of one amino acid residue and the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen atom of another amino acid residue

A

secondary structure

40
Q

storage carbohydrate in plants

A

starch

41
Q

type of lipid comprised of four fused hydrocarbon rings forming a planar structure

A

steroid

42
Q

a protein’s three-dimensional conformation, including interactions between secondary structural elements; formed from interactions between amino acid side chains

A

tertiary structure

43
Q

fat formed artificially by hydrogenating oils, leading to a different arrangement of double bond(s) than those in naturally occurring lipids

A

trans fat

44
Q

process through which messenger RNA forms on a template of DNA

A

transcription

45
Q

RNA that carries activated amino acids to the site of protein synthesis on the ribosome

A

transfer RNA (tRNA)

46
Q

process through which RNA directs the protein’s formation

A

translation

47
Q

fat molecule; consists of three fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule

A

triacylglycerol (also, triglyceride)

48
Q

long-chain hydrocarbon that has one or more double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain

A

unsaturated fatty acid

49
Q

lipid comprised of a long-chain fatty acid that is esterified to a long-chain alcohol; serves as a protective coating on some feathers, aquatic mammal fur, and leaves

A

wax

Biology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions