Biological invasions

Question 1

What are bioregions of the world?

Answer 1

They refer to large geographic areas characterized by similar ecological conditions, including climate, vegetation, and wildlife. These regions are defined based on the natural features and ecological characteristics of the area rather than political boundaries

Question 2

What does it mean with lifting barriers?

Answer 2

Is the removal of obstacles that block the transportation of goods between countries

Question 3

What are the main drivers for invasive species

Answer 3

Transport, Trade, Traffic and Tourism

Question 4

what are the stages of invasive species

Answer 4

Transport, Introduction, Establishment, Spread

Question 5

Explain what is meant with natural / introduced species

Answer 5

Species that may flourish or reproduce but will not form self establishing populations

Question 6

Explain what is meant with naturalised / established species

Answer 6

alien species that reproduced and established themselves over the years without human interactions and they are considered native

Question 7

Explain what is meant with invasive species

Answer 7

They reproduce in large numbers and have a significant impact on the environment

Question 8

temporal trends of alien species in rivers

Answer 8

origin and hotspots, connectivity and species areas relations, changes in fauna assemblages

Question 9

What are hot spots?

Answer 9

They are drivers for alien species to be more attracted to that area. It is because they have their favourable concentration and environmental conditions

Question 10

What are the drivers for hot spots?

Answer 10

Temperature increase and time

Question 11

most important pathways

Answer 11

ballast water, ship hulls and dispersal via waterways

Question 12

Through shipping turbulance what can a native species feel?

Answer 12

physical stress (affecting their ability to feed, reproduce, and navigate), habitat disruption

Question 13

Through shipping turbulance what can a non-native species feel?

Answer 13

Compared to native species they are not affected as much because they are more adaptive in new conditions and therefore their cycle may not be affected.

Question 14

explain what is the ten’s rule

Answer 14

• One in ten alien species that arrive escape from captivity or gardens
• One in ten of these species become established
• One in ten of the established alien species go on to be regarded as invasive

Question 15

What is meant with propagule pressure ?

Answer 15

It means that with repetitive introduction of an invasive species increases the establishment of them.

Question 16

What is biotic resistance?

Answer 16

It refers to the ability of native species and communities to resist or limit the success of invasive species. Essentially, it describes the natural defences and competitive abilities of native organisms that can impede the establishment and spread of non-native species in an ecosystem.

Question 17

What is Invasive meltdown

Answer 17

It refers to the presence and activities of one invasive species facilitate the success and spread of another invasive species. This concept describes a positive feedback loop in which the interactions between different invasive species contribute to an escalating invasion process.

Question 18

What is a functional response, and what is the ratio?

Answer 18

A functional response in ecology refers to the relationship between the rate of resource consumption by a consumer (predator, herbivore, etc.) and the density of the resource (prey, food, etc.) in the environment. It describes how an individual’s or population’s consumption of resources changes in response to variations in resource abundance.
The ratio is a (attach rate) / h (handling time)

Question 19

What is the enemy’s release hypothesis three focus points?

Answer 19

• The specialist enemies of the alien species will be absent from the new region
  
  • Host switching by specialist enemies of native congeners and other species will be rare.
    
    • Generalists will have a greater impact on the native competitors

Question 20

Name the three filters that act when an invasive species is being introduced

Answer 20

Biotic, biogeographic filter and environmental space

Question 21

What is meant with ‘Boom and bust’ of invasive alien species?

Answer 21

Is when an invasive species multiplies in a new environment and rapidly grows (boom) to the point when it reaches a decline in growth so it doesn’t reproduce anymore (bust).

Question 22

Relate various types of management measures to invasion stages of alien species.

Answer 22

Prevention, Eradication, Containment, Mitigation

Question 23

how do you call the mussels that he is passionate about

Answer 23

Dreissenids

Question 24

what kind of species do we have in freshwater?

Answer 24

Macrophytes, Amphibians, birds, Mammals, Crustaceans, fish

Question 25

name some

Answer 25

Alternanthera philoxeroides, Cabomba caroliniana, Eichhornia crassipes, Elodea nuttallii, Hydrocotyle ranunculoides, Ludwigia grandiflora, Myriophyllum aquaticum, Lithobates catesbeianus, Trachemys scripta, alopochen aegyptiacus, Myocastor coypus, Procambarus fallax f. virginalis, Chinese mitten crab

Question 26

what kind of species do we find in terrestrial?

Answer 26

Insects, birds, mammals, plants

Question 27

name some

Answer 27

axis axis, Nyctereutes procyonoides, Nasua nasua, allosciurus erythraeus, Muntiacus reevesi, Sciurus niger (Fox squirrel)

Question 28

How many IAS of Union concern occur in freshwater, marine and terrestrial habitats and what does this indicate?

Answer 28

49% freshwater, 51% terrestrial, it indicates a balanced ecosystem between the two.

Question 29

What could be reasons for the majority of the listed IAS to be aquatic species?

Answer 29

Aquatic environments are prone to IAS due to global shipping, ballast water discharge, and aquarium trade. The majority of listed IAS being aquatic is a result of increased human activities involving water bodies, making them vulnerable to species introductions.

Question 30

what are temperature envelopes?

Answer 30

The range of temperatures within which a particular species can function and survive. It encompasses the minimum, optimum, and maximum temperatures at which the species can carry out various life processes, such as growth, reproduction, and metabolism.

Question 31

what are SDM?

Answer 31

The prediction of the spatial distribution of species in a given environment. It shows what areas are mostly at risk of being invasive
With risen temperatures some countries will become less suitable but others will become more.

Question 32

what is a hardiness code?

Answer 32

A system used to classify regions based on their climatic conditions, particularly the average minimum winter temperatures.

Question 33

give me three examples of by what can environmental stressors occur

Answer 33

by climate change, humans, shipping

Question 34

give three examples for each cause of environmental stressor

Answer 34

climate change: salinity, water temperature, dissolved oxygen
Humans: chemicals, pollution, eutrofication
Shipping: waves, sound, turbulance

Question 35

Species sensitivity distributions (SSD) explain

Answer 35

The variability among individuals or species in their sensitivity to an environmental stressor

Question 36

describe the three methods used to compare SSD’s

Answer 36

• Difference in mean sensitivity (t-test, standard error of the mean)
  
  • Difference in shape (Levene’s test, standard error of standard deviation)
  • Confidence Interval (calculation of 95% likely SSD shape, if they overlap they are significantly different)

Question 37

What is a POF?

Answer 37

“Probability of Effect” POF
It’s like a percentage that tells you the chance of something happening

Question 38

We have different pathways for alien species, either intetional or unitentional, name 3 and explain what is a pathway

Answer 38

A pathway is when the alien species is being released from their original environment to another either intetionally or unitentionally.
(all examples): ballast water, hull fouling, man-made canals, biological control, parasites, trade, fisheries,

Question 39

What are the most important pathways in CBD level 1

Answer 39

escape from confinement, transport-contaminant

Question 40

What are the most important pathways in CBD level 2

Answer 40

food contaminant, seed contaminant, ornamental purpose, horticulture

Question 41

Name three examples of how alien species can be intoduced

Answer 41

with contamination, harvesting and hitchhiking

Question 42

What are the phases of alien species disposal

Answer 42

Departure, Transport, Arrival